Competency Approach to Human Resource Management

Vinay Ravindran

What do we mean when we say COMPETENCY ?

Vinay Ravindran

A Competency is an

underlying characteristic of a person which enables him /her to deliver superior performance in a given job, role or a situation.

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Competencies are seen mainly as inputs.

They consist of clusters of

knowledge, attitudes and skills that affect an individuals ability to perform.

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Hayes (1979) Competencies are generic

knowledge motive, trait, social role or a skill of a person linked to superior performance on the job.

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Albanese (1989) Competencies are personal characteristics that

contribute to effective managerial performance.

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UNIDO (2002)A Competency is a set of skills,

related knowledge and attributes that allow an individual to successfully perform a task or an activity within a specific function or job.

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What is Common in the definitions?

Competencies underlying characteristic of a persons inputs. clusters of knowledge, attitudes and skills generic knowledge motive, trait, social role or a skill personal characteristics set of skills, related knowledge and attributes Vinay Ravindran

Job superior performance in a given job, role or a situation individuals ability to perform. linked to superior performance on the job. contribute to effective managerial performance successfully perform a task or an activity within a specific

KNOWLEDGE
Relates to information Cognitive Domain

Set of SKILLS
Relates to the ability to do, Physical domain

Attribute
Relates to qualitative aspects

COMPETENCY

personal Characteristi cs or traits

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Outstanding Performance of tasks or activities

Behaviour Indicators
A Competency is described in terms of key behaviours that enables recognition of that competency at the work place.

These behaviors are demonstrated by excellent performers on-the-job much more consistently than average or poor performers. These characteristics generally follow the 80-20 rule in that they include the key behaviors that Vinay Ravindran primarily drive excellent performance.

Example of a Competency

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Analytical Thinking
The ability to break problems into component parts and consider or organize parts in a systematic way; the process of looking for underlying causes or thinking through the consequence of different courses of action.

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 Independently researches for information and solutions to issues Ability to know what needs to be done or find out (research) and take steps to get it done Ask questions when not sure of what the problem is or to gain more information. Able to identify the underlying or main problem. Shows willingness to experiment with new things. Develops a list of decision making guidelines to help arrive at logical solutions.

Key Behaviour Indicators

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What is a Competency Model?

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 A competency model is a valid, observable, and measurable list of the knowledge, skills, and attributes demonstrated through behavior that results in outstanding performance in a particular work context. Typically A competency model includes
Competency titles

Competency Model

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Competency - Broad Categories

Generic Competencies
Competencies which are considered essential for all employees regardless of their function or level. - Communication, initiative, listening etc.

Managerial Competencies
Competencies which are considered essential for employees with managerial or supervisory responsibility in any functional area including directors and senior posts.

Competency - Broad Categories

Technical / Functional
Specific competencies which are considered essential to perform any job in the organisation within a defined technical or functional area of work.

e.g.: Finance, environmental management,etc

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Competency modeling begins the process of building tools to link employee performance to the mission and goals of the organisation .

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Why Competencies ?

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Traditional Job Analysis Vs Competency Approach

Job Analysis leads to long lists of tasks and the skills / knowledge required to perform each of those tasks Data generation from subject matter experts; job incumbents Effective Performance

Competency model leads to A Distilled set of underlying personal characteristics Data generation from outstanding performers in addition to subject matter experts and other job incumbents Outstanding Performance

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Distinguish Superior From Merely Satisfactory Performance

The approach allows executives and angers to make a distinction between a person's ability to do specific tasks at the minimum acceptable level and the ability to do the whole job in an outstanding fashion

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Behaviour Indicators Based upon what outstanding individuals actually do

The competency definitions are based upon outstanding current performance in the organization.

These competencies do not reflect someone's management theory or an academic idea of what it takes to do the job well, but rather are based on what works within the organization and most directly contributes to top performance.

Vinay Ravindran

The Competencies are Behaviour Specific It is one thing, for example, to ask whether an employee "takes initiative," a very general concept, open to interpretation, but it is quite another to ask, "Was it typical of this manager to carry out tasks without your having to request that they be done?," a question which has only two answers, "Yes" and "No".

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Holistic Application
Competencies
Help companies raise the bar of performance expectations. Help teams and individuals align their behaviours with key organisational strategy. Each employee understand how to achieve expectations.

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Alignment of HR systems
d an t en n itm o ru lecti c Re se
ce an nt rm e rfo em Pe anag M

Competen cy Model
g & ent in in lopm a Tr eve D

C om p en sa tio n

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Competency based recruitment

Competency based interviews reduce the risk of making a costly hiring mistake and increase the likelihood of identifying and selecting the right person for the right job

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Competency based Performance Appraisal

Competencies Enable
Establishment of clear high performance standards. Collection and proper analysis of factual data against the set standards. Conduct of objective feedback meetings. Direction with regard to specific areas of improvement.

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Competency based Training Competency based appraisal process leading to effective identification of training needs. Opportunity to identify/ develop specific training programmes - Focused training investment. Focused Training enabling improvement in specific technical and managerial competencies

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Competency based Development

Competencies
Contribute to the understanding of what development really mean, giving the individual the tools to take responsibility for their own development. Give the line managers a tool to empower them to develop people

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Competency based Pay

Provide an incentive for employees to grow and enhance their capabilities.

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Methodology?

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Steps in Model Building

Background information about the organisation Decide on the Occupation / Job Position(s) that require competency Model(s) Discuss the application of the competency model Select a data collection method and plan the approach Organize Data collected Identify main themes or patterns Build the model - Defining specific behaviour Indicators Review the model

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Data Collection Methods

Resource / Expert Panels Structured process to get the participants (Job holders, managers HR / training staff) to think systematically about the job, skills and personal characteristics needed for success. Critical Event Interviews Structured interviews with superior performers which involves in-depth probing of a large number of events and experiences.

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Data Collection Methods

Generic competency Dictionaries
Conceptual frameworks of commonly encountered competencies and behaviour indicators. Serve as a starting point to the model building team. Can be used in resource panel by asking the participants to select a set of generic competencies related to the job and rate the importance

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Competency model building

A detailed approach

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A Detailed Approach

Info about the company. Decision on the job position(s) . Discussion on the CM application. Basic data collection on the job responsibilities(using customized menu) Focus group
Review job description understand performance criteria Discuss specific behaviours List top ten competencies

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A Detailed Approach
Critical incident technique - interviewing top performers
incidents that lead to effective performance incidents that lead to in effective performance Discuss specific behaviours List behaviours List competencies

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A Detailed Approach
Content Analysis
Group behaviours Match behaviours to competencies using competency dictionary as a guideline Evolve new set of competencies if any Match behaviour indicators identified through CIT to the top 10 competencies identified by the focus group Review the model and make corrections

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COMPETENCY MAPPING MODEL

ORGANISATION DIRECTION VISION MISSION SHORT TERM & LONG TERM GOAL STRATEGIES VALUES

TRANSLATING THEM INTO ACTIONS FOR ACTUALISATION THROUGH ORGANISATION STRUCTURE ROLES, POSITIONS, JOBS CORE COMPETENCY OF THE ORGANISATION

ROLE COMPETENCY

COMPETENCY MAPPING PROCESS

1.0 DESIGNING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

While designing the questionnaire following factors are to be taken into consideration:
1.1 Part - I 1.1.1 Purpose of the job. 1.1.2 Critical Success Factors 1.1.3 Key Result Areas 1.1.4 Key Activities

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JOB CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS CSF - 1 CSF - 2 CSF - 3 CSF - 4 CSF - 5 KEY RESULT AREAS KRA- 1 KRA - 2 KRA 3 KRA - 4 KRA 5

KEY ACTIVITIES KA - 1 KA - 2 KA - 3

Each Critical Success Factor (CSF) is the end result of multiple Key Result Areas. Each Key Result Area (KRA) is the end result of multiple Key Activities.

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DESIGNING THE QUESTIONNAIRE CONTINUED

1.1.5 1.1.6 1.1.7 1.1.8 1.1.9 Relationship. Organization Structure. Empowerment of the position. Challenges in the job. Changes expected in the technology, product, process etc in the next 2-3 years. 1.1.10 Budget and Controls. 1.1.11 Investment Plan.

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DESIGNING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

1.2 PART - II

1.2.1

Academics, Knowledge Skills Sets Experience

1.2.2

Competencies

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2.0 DATA COLLECTION

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

Clarity of Organisation Direction Clarity of Organisation Structure. Interview Job Holder. Interview Job Holder's Reporting Officer. Discuss with the Focus Group if the job are of the same family.

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3.0 C0MPETENCY DRAFTING

3.1 Rank Order of the list of competencies . - Guided / Unguided. 3.2 Comparing good performer and average performer with select list of competencies. 3.3 Use research data and assign competencies to positions.

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4.0

FINALISE ROLE DESCRIPTION AND COMPETENCIES - JOB WISE

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5.0 FINALISING CORE COMPETENCIES FOR

Front Line Management

Middle Management Senior Management / Top Management

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6.0

PURPOSE OF COMPETENCY MAPPING

"Effectiveness of an organisation is the summation of the required competencies in the organisation". Gap Analysis Role Clarity Selection, Potential Identification, Growth Plans. Succession Planning. Restructuring Inventory of competencies for future planning.

Vinay Ravindran

Any Questions ???

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Vinay Ravindran

9866254387

Vinaykumar07@yahoo.com