Lecture 21 Shear

February 5, 2003 CVEN 444

Splices and

Lecture Goals
Spice  Shear  Shear Design


Bar Splices
Why do we need bar splices? -- for long spans Types of Splices 1. 2. 3. Butted &Welded Mechanical Connectors Lay Splices Must develop 125% of yield strength

Tension Lap Splices

Why do we need bar splices? -- for long spans Types of Splices 1. 2. Contact Splice Non Contact Spice (distance e 6 and splice length)

e1/5

Splice length is the distance the two bars are overlapped.

Types of Splices
Class A Spice When (ACI 12.15.2)

As provided As req'd

u 2 over entire splice

length.

and 1/2 or less of total reinforcement is spliced win the reqd lay length.

Types of Splices
Class B Spice (ACI 12.15.2)

All tension lay splices not meeting requirements of Class A Splices

Tension Lap Splice (ACI 12.15)

where As (reqd) ld

= determined for bending = development length for bars (not allowed to use excess reinforcement modification factor)

ld must be greater than or equal to 12 in.

Tension Lap Splice (ACI 12.15)

Lap Spices shall not be used for bars larger than No. 11. (ACI 12.14.2) Lap Spices should be placed in away from regions of high tensile stresses -locate near points of inflection (ACI 12.15.1)

Compression Lap Splice (ACI 12.16.1)

Lap, reqd = 0.0005fy db Lap, reqd = (0.0009fy -24) db Lap, reqd u 12 in for fy < 60000 psi for fy > 60000 psi

For fc e 3000 psi, required lap splice shall be multiply by (4/3) (ACI 12.16.1)

Compression Lap Splice (ACI 12.17)

In tied column splices with effective tie area throughout splice length u 0.0015 hs factor = 0.83 In spiral column splices, factor = 0.75 But final splice length u 12 in.

Example

Splice Tension

Calculate the lap-splice length for 6 #8 tension bottom bars in two rows with clear spacing 2.5 in. and a clear cover, 1.5 in., for the following cases a. When 3 bars are spliced and As(provided) /As(required) >2 b. When 4 bars are spliced and As(provided) /As(required) < 2 c. When all bars are spliced at the same location. fc= 5 ksi and fy = 60 ksi

Example

Splice Tension

For #8 bars, db =1.0 in. and E = ?F =? K = ?P =?

3 f y EFKP ld ! d b 40 f c c  K tr d b

Example

Splice Tension

The As(provided) /As(required) > 2, class ? splice applies;

The As(provided) /As(required) < 2, class ? splice applies;

Example Splice Compression

Calculate the lap splice length for a # 10 compression bar in tied column when fc= 5 ksi and when a) fy = 60 ksi and b) fy = 80 ksi

Example Splice Compression

For #10 bars, db =? in.

ld 0.02 f y ! u 0.003 f y db fc

Check ls > 0.005 db fy

Example Splice Compression

For #10 bars, db =? in. The ld = 2? in. Check ls > (0.0009 fy 24) db

So use ls = ? in.

Shear Design

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

Look at the shear and bending moment diagrams. The acting shear stress distribution on the beam.

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

The acting stresses distributed across the cross-section.

VQ X! Ib
The shear stress acting on the rectangular beam.

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

The equation of the shear stress for a rectangular beam is given as:

VQ X! Ib

bh  oment o Inertia I! 12 2 bh h bh Q max ! * ! 8 2 4

Note: The maximum 3 V 1st moment occurs at X max ! * ! 1.5 X ave 2 bh the neutral axis (NA).

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

The ideal shear stress distribution can be described as:

VQ X! Ib

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

A realistic description of the shear distribution is shown as:

Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior

The shear stress acting along the beam can be described with a stress block:

Using Mohrs circle, the stress block can be manipulated to find the maximum shear and the crack formation.

Inclined Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Beams

Typical Crack Patterns for a deep beam

Inclined Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Beams

Flexural-shear crack Starts out as a flexural crack and propagates due to shear stress. Flexural cracks in beams are vertical (perpendicular to the tension face).

Inclined Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Beams

For deep beam the cracks are given as: The shear cracks Inclined (diagonal) intercept crack with longitudinal bars plus vertical or inclined reinforcement.

Inclined Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Beams

For deep beam the cracks are given as:

The shear cracks fail due two modes: - shear-tension failure - shear-compression failure

Shear Strength of RC Beams without Web Reinforcement

Total Resistance = vcz + vay + vd (when no stirrups are used)
vcz - shear in compression zone va - Aggregate Interlock forces vd = Dowel action from longitudinal bars Note: vcz increases from (V/bd) to (V/by) as crack forms.

Strength of Concrete in Shear (No Shear Reinforcement)

(1) Tensile Strength of concrete affect inclined cracking load

Strength of Concrete in Shear (No Shear Reinforcement)

(2) Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio, Vw

As Vw ! bw d

restrains cracks

or 0.0075 e V w e 0.0025 : Vc $ 2 f cd d bw

Strength of Concrete in Shear (No Shear Reinforcement)

(3) Shear span to depth ratio, a/d Deep shear spans e 2 more detail design d required (M/(Vd))

a d

" 2 Ratio has little

effect

Strength of Concrete in Shear (No Shear Reinforcement)

(4) Size of Beam Increase Depth Reduced shear stress at inclined cracking

Strength of Concrete in Shear (No Shear Reinforcement)

(5) Axial Forces - Axial tension Decreases inclined cracking load - Axial Compression Increases inclined cracking load (Delays flexural cracking)

Function and Strength of Web Reinforcement

Function: Web Reinforcement is provided to ensure that the full flexural capacity can be developed. (desired a flexural failure mode - shear failure is brittle) - Acts as clamps to keep shear cracks from widening

Function and Strength of Web Reinforcement

Uncracked Beam Shear is resisted uncracked concrete. Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by vcz, vay, vd

Vcz  Shear in com ression zone Vay  Vd  ertical com onento ggregate nterlock orce o l ction rom longitudinal bars.

Function and Strength of Web Reinforcement

Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by vcz, vay, vd and vs
Vs increases as cracks widen until yielding of stirrups then stirrups provide constant resistance.

Designing to Resist Shear

Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)

JVn u Vu
capacity u demand
Vu ! factored shear force at section Vn ! Nominal Shear Strength

J ! 0.75 shear  strength reduction factor

Designing to Resist Shear

Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)

Vn ! Vc  Vs
!

Vc ! Vs !

Nominal shear resistance provided by concrete Nominal shear provided by the shear reinforcement

Shear Strength Provided by Concrete

Bending only Simple formula

Vc ! 2 f c bw d

Eqn [11.3]

e 3.5 f c bw d
More detailed Note:

Vc

V d u e1 Mu

V d u b d ! 1.9 f c  2500 V w w M u Eqn [11.5] e 3.5 f c bw d

Shear Strength Provided by Concrete

Bending and Axial Compression Simple formula

Vc
Nu is positive for compression and Nu/Ag are in psi.

Nu ! 2 1  f c bw d 2000 A g Eqn [11.4] e 3.5 f c bw d 1  Nu 500 Ag

Eqn [11.7]

Typical Shear Reinforcement

Stirrup - perpendicular to axis of members (minimum labor - more material)

Vs !

f y d sin E  cos E s

ACI Eqn 11-15

E ! 90 Vs !

f yd s

Typical Shear Reinforcement

Bent Bars (more labor - minimum material) see reqd in 11.5.6

Vs !

f y d sin E  cos E s

ACI 11-5.6

E ! 45 Vs !

1.41

fyd

Stirrup Anchorage Requirements

Vs based on assumption stirrups yield

@ Stirrups must be well anchored.

Stirrup Anchorage Requirements

Refer to Sec. 12.13 of ACI 318 for development of web reinforcement. Requirements: each bend must enclose a long bar # 5 and smaller can use standard hooks 90o,135o, 180o #6, #7,#8( fy = 40 ksi ) #6, #7,#8 ( fy > 40 ksi ) standard hook plus a minimum embedment

Stirrup Anchorage Requirements

Also sec. 7.10 requirement for minimum stirrups in beams with compression reinforcement, beams subject to stress reversals, or beams subject to torsion

Design Procedure for Shear

(1) Calculate Vu (2) Calculate JVc Eqn 11-3 or 11-5 (no axial force) (3) Check If yes, add web reinforcement (go to 4) Vu u JVc p If no, done. 2

Design Procedure for Shear

(4) I

1 2

JVc e Vu e JVc p Provide minimum

shear reinforcement

bw s Av min ! 50 fy
Also: (Done)

Av f ys or smax ! for min Av 50bw

smax

d 2

24"

11.5.4

Design Procedure for Shear

(5)

I Vu u JVc , p calulate Vs (req' d) Vu e JVn ! JVc  JVs Vu JVs ! Vu  JVc Vs !  Vc J

Check:

Vs e 8 f cdw d b

otherwise, illegal 11.5.4

Design Procedure for Shear

(6) Solve for required stirrup spacing(strength) Assume # 3, #4, or #5 stirrups

se

Av f ys d Vs

from 11-15

Design Procedure for Shear

(7) Check minimum steel requirement (eqn 11-13)

smax !

Av f ys 50bw

Design Procedure for Shear

(8) Check maximum spacing requirement (ACI 11.5.4)

d I Vs e 4 f cdw d p smax e e 24" b 2 d I Vs u 4 f cdw d p smax e e 12" b 4 ote : I Vs u 8 f cdw d illegal b

Design Procedure for Shear

(9) Use smallest spacing from steps 6,7,8

Note: A practical limit to minimum stirrup spacing is 4 inches.

Location of Maximum Shear for Beam Design

Non-pre-stressed members: Sections located less than a distance d from face of support may be designed for same shear, Vu, as the computed at a distance d.

Compression fan carries load directly into support.

Location of Maximum Shear for Beam Design

When: 1. The support reaction introduces compression into the end regions of the member. 2. No concentrated load occurs with in d from face of support .

Location of Maximum Shear for Beam Design

Compression from support at bottom of beam tends to close crack at support

Homework
Determine the development length required for the bars shown . fc =4-ksi and fy = 60-ksi. Check the anchorage in the column. If it is not satisfactory, design an anchorage using a 180o hook and check adequacy.

Homework
Considering the anchorage of the beam bars into a column, determine the largest bar that can be used with out a hook. fc = 3-ksi and fy= 40ksi

Homework
A simple supported uniformly loaded beam carries a total factored design load of 4.8 k/ft (including selfweight) on a clear span of 34 ft. fc =3 ksi and fy=40 ksi. Assume that the supports are 12 in wide and assume that the bars are available in 30 ft lengths. Design a rectangular beam Determine bar cutoffs. Locate splices and determine the lap length.