By: Betty Nagy Supervised by: Prof.Dr. Salwa El Ramly Dr.

Maha Mohammed

Introduction ` Beamforming ` Beamforming in CR ` Introduced Models ` Future Work

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Cognitive Radio Network [1]

Why ? How ?

1. Severe shortage of the radio spectrum. 2. The already licensed spectrum is not utilized most of the time and space.
1. Spectrum Sensing : Sense the Radio Spectrum assigned to a licensed user (Primary user) looking for unoccupied regions (Spectrum holes). 2. Spectrum Adaptation : Once finding a spectrum hole the CR unlicensed user (Secondary user) adapts its Power, Frequency Band so that interference on Primary is min.
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Spectrum Interweave
PU & SU signals are Cognition :
x spectral holes

=> (TDMA - FDMA)

Spectrum Underlay
PU & SU same spectrum Cognition :
x Acceptable level of Interference of PU x Channel between PU & SU

Spectrum Overlay
PU & SU same spectrum Cognition :
x Channel between PU & SU x Info about PU system and operation
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Introduction ` Beamforming ` Beamforming in CR ` Introduced Models

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Future Work

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It is a Signal processing technique used antenna arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception.

How? With the aid of received data and By adjusting the weights of the beam former to maximize the beam toward the SOI (Signal of Interest) and ideally nulls toward the SNOI (Signal Not of Interest).

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Beamforming Techniques[4]:
1. Maximum SNR :
Microsoft Office

2. Maximum SINR :
Microsoft Office

3. Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) :

Minw E{ e(k ) }
4. Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance (LCMV) : Subject to

Microsoft Office

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Introduction ` Beamforming ` Beamforming in CR ` Introduced Models ` Future Work

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We cant use the conventional Beamformer WHY ? CR Network has specific constraints
 Limited SU power  Limited Interference on PU

Channel State Information (CSI) is unknown unlike the other systems. Thus we had to use what is called

Robust Beamformig[5],[6]&[7]
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Introduction ` Beamforming ` Beamforming in CR ` Introduced Models ` Future Work

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` ` ` `

Introduction Beamforming Beamforming in CR Introduced Models

Model 1
x x x x System Model Mathematical Model Solution Robustness

Model 2 Model 3
`

Future Work
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System Model:
1 SU Link & K PU Links Each tx has N transmit antenna Each rx has M receive antenna
PU 1 1 SU tx SU rx

Hs,s

2 PU 2

...

PU k
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Mathematical Model:
Objective
2 H wrs H s , s wts SINR ! 2 2 H wrs H s , k wtk  wrs N 0

Max w ,w ts rs

Subject to
w
H rk

H
2

k ,s

w ts

e Ik

k ! 1,...., K

w ts

e P , max s

Note ! All signals are normalized i.e. 2 2 E xs ! E xk !1

? A ? A

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Mathematical Model:
The problem is reformulated to have a quadratic form as follows:
Max wts s.t .

A w a 1 w Qk w e 1
H ts ts H ts ts

_ w
ts

k

1,...., K

w w
x Where

ts

e Ps, max
H

A ! Hs,s J 1 Hs,s
Q
1 k

1 H H ! H k , s wrk wrk H k , s Ik

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Solution:
1quadratic term in objective => homogeneous QCQP Homogeneous QCQP => SDP relaxation method

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Robustness: assume ambiguity in CSI

(Channel matrix & primary beamforming vectors)

` `

Scenario 2 : Channel matrix (H) Beamforming vector (wrk)

w
H rk 2

H k , s wt s

e Ik

k ! 1,...., K

H Prrk w rk

H wt
k ,s

e Ik u 1  H k

k ! 1,...., K
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`

Robustness:
Scenario 2: Problem:
Maxw ts s.t .

_t w
H s H s

H s

Awts

a
s

2 wt Qk wt

e1

k ! 1,...., K

where
2 k

wt

wt
1

e Ps, max

1  H k N k 1 H Q ! H ,s H ,s k k Ik

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Robustness: assume ambiguity in CSI

(Channel matrix & primary beamforming vectors)

` `

Scenario 3 : Channel matrix (H) Beamforming vector (wrk)

w
H rk

H k , s wt s

e Ik

k ! ,...., K

H Prrk w rk

H wt
k ,s

e Ik u 1  H k

 !1,...., K k
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`

Robustness:
Scenario 3: Problem:
ts

ts

ts

a
ts

s.t .

3
ts ts ts

e e
s, max

,....,

where
3

1 log( ) Hk ! I Ik

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System Model:
1 SU Link & K PU Links Each tx has N transmit antenna Each rx has 1 receive antenna
PU 1 1 SU tx SU rx

Hs,s

2 PU 2

...

PU k
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Mathematical Model:
Objective

Maxwts Powerreceiver ! H wts

Power at the receiver !

_
2

H s ,s

Subject to
H kHs wts , e Ik k ! 1,2,... ...K
2

wts

e Ps ,max

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Mathematical Model:
The problem is reformulated to have a convex form as follows:

Maxwts H sHs wts ,

k ,s

wts

Im_ sHs wts a 0 H, !

Subject to:

wts

2
k

k ! 1,2,......K

e Ps ,max

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Robustness: assume ambiguity in CSI

(Secondary & Primary Channel matrices have uncertainties)

` `

Scenario : Channel matrices (Hs,s) , (Hk,s)

Mathematical Model:

Objective : s.t.

Maxwts Prob (| H sHs wts |2 " K ) ,

H Prob(| H k , s wts |2 e I k ) u Q

a
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k ! 1,2,... ...K
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wts

e Ps ,max
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Solution:
Probabilistic Objective and Constraint => Marcums function Marcums function is solved (by getting its inverse) => SOCP

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System Model:
L SU Links & K PU Links Each tx has N transmit antenna Each rx has 1 receive antenna
PU 1 1 SU 1 tx SU 1 rx

Hs1,s1

SU L rx PU 2

...

PU k
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Mathematical Model:
Objective
Minwts
L wtsi i! 1

Subject to
SINR !
L

H wt l Rl ,l wt l u Kl L H wt i Rl ,l wt i  N 0 i !1 i {l
2

Channel covariance matrix

l ! 1,...., L

w
i !1

H ti

RL  k , L  k wt i

IL

k ! 1,...., K

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Robustness: assume ambiguity in CSI

(Secondary & Primary Channel covariance matrices have uncertainties)

Scenario :
Channel matrices (Rl,s) , (Hk,s)

Mathematical Model:

SINR ! L

i !1

H  ( )w wl (R l,l l k u Kl L wiH ( Rl ,l  ( k ) wi  N 0 i !1 i {l 2

l ! 1,....., L

wiH ( R L  k , L  k  ( L  k ) wi

e Il

k ! 1,...., K
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Solution:
Find the Dual Problem of our Model The Dual is of linear objective & convex constraints except one non-convex constraint. Thus solved by SDP relaxation method.

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Introduction ` Beamforming ` Beamforming in CR ` Introduced Models ` Future Work

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` ` `

Build the introduced Models on Matlab. Verify the optimum solution of each model. Study different innovations that could be done:
Investigate new cost functions and constraints and optimization algorithms. Fitting a new system model on the introduced optimization techniques. Study different degrees of knowledge of the CSI on the rest of the mathematical models. Add the effect of mobility, dynamic channel adaptation.

Build the new system and study its advantages and disadvantages.

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[1](2008) Cognitive Radio Project website. [Online]. Available:http://kom.aau.dk/project/cognitive/cognitive_radio_project.h tm [2]Alexander M. Wyglinski, Maziar Nekovee, Y. Thomas Hou, Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks, Elsevier Inc., 2010. [3](2011) The Wikipedia website. [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki [4]Constantine A. Balanis and Panayiotis I.Ioannides, Introduction to Smart Antennas, 1st ed., Morgan & Claypool, 2007. [5]Ying Jun (Angela) Zhang, Member, IEEE and Anthony Man-Cho So, Optimal Spectrum Sharing in MIMO Cognitive Radio Networks via Semidefinite Programming, IEEE Journal On Selected Areas In Communications, Vol. 29, No. 2, February 2011.

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[6]Gan Zheng, Shaodan Ma, Kai-Kit Wong, and Tung-Sang Ng, Robust Beamforming in Cognitive Radio, Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions,vol.9, issue:2, p. 570-576, February 2010. [7]Imran Wajid,Marius Pesavento, Yonina C. Eldar and Alex Gershman, Robust downlink beamforming for cognitive radio networks, IEEE Globecom 2010 proceedings.

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