Hydroelectricity Generation

Anchit Raman
III Year
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

K.I.E.T

Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION 2. WATER WHEEL 3. BASIC IDEA USED 4. HYDRO POWER PLANTS 5. HYDRAULIC TURBINES 6. TURBINE SELECTION 7. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER SYSTEMS 8. ESTIMATING AVAILABLE POWER 9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 10. FUTURE OF HYDRO POWER

POWER GENERATION METHODSWater resource

1. COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS 2. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 3. GEOTHERMAL POWER 4. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS 5. WIND POWER PLANTS 6. HYDRO POWER PLANTS

WATER WHEEL

TYPES OF WATER WHEELS

BASIC IDEA USED

Hydro power is a renewable resource since it is ultimately derived from sun. The real key is the physical height difference achieved between source and sink. Potential energy of falling water is converted into kinetic energy used to rotate turbine blades. Turbine shaft transmits energy to electro-mechanical generators and thus hydro electricity is generated.

COMPONENTS OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

1. DAM 2. HEADGATE / INTAKE GATE 3. DE-SILTING TANK 4. WATER RESERVOIR 5. PENSTOCK 6. HYDRAULIC TURBINES 7. GENERATOR 8. POWER HOUSE

HYDRAULIC TURBINES
Impulse Turbines
1.Pelton turbine 2.Turgo turbine 3.Michelle-Banki turbine

Reaction Turbines
1.Francis turbine 2.Kaplan turbine 3.Gorlov turbine

PELTON TURBINES

1.The gravitational power energy of the water dammed becomes in kinetic energy. 2.The injector basically a nozzle throws the high speed water to the blades that are glued to the bun. 3. The water spurt transmits its kinetic energy to the bun, where it is transformed instantaneously into mechanical energy. 4. It can be equipped with multiple nozzles for higher output.

MULTIPLE NOZZLE PELTON TURBINE

The edge that divides each bucket in two symmetrical parts cuts the water spurt, sectioning it in two laminae of fluid, theoretically of identical volume. This disposition allows resisting mutually the axial pushes that are originated in the bun.

KAPLAN TURBINE

WORKING OF KAPLAN TURBINE

1.The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow water reaction turbine whose design combines radial as well as axial features. 2.The Kaplan turbine is a helix turbine in which the blades of the bun turn itself when it is on. 3. Working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine. 4. Kaplan turbine is used for lower head applications.

FRANCIS TURBINE

WORKING OF FRANCIS TURBINE

1. The Francis turbine is one of the reaction turbines. 2. The radial flow causes the turn of the runner which is completely submerged in water. 3. Both the pressure and the velocity of water decrease from inlet to outlet. 4. The runner is provided with curved vanes upon which the water impinges. 5. Francis turbines is designed for a medium range of head.

TURBINE SELECTION ACC. TO RANGE OF HEAD

Hydraulic wheel turbine Kaplan turbine Francis turbine Pelton turbine Turgo turbine 0.2 < H < 4 2 < H < 40 10 < H < 350 50 < H < 1300 50 < H < 250
H = Head in meters

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER SYSTEMS

Depending upon the type of system

Depending upon power generated

DEPENDING UPON TYPE OF SYSTEM

CONVENTIONAL / STORAGE TYPE PUMPED STORAGE TYPE RUN OF THE RIVER

CONVENTIONAL / STORAGE TYPE

PUMPED STORAGE TYPE

RUN OF THE RIVER TYPE

DEPENDING UPON

POWER GENERATED

1.Big hydro station 2.Small hydro station 3.Micro hydro station 4.Pico hydro station

Greater than 30 MW 25-30 MW Less than 1000 W 200-300 Watts

ESTIMATING AVAILABLE HYDRO POWER P=phrgk

     

P is power in watts p is density of water h is height in meters r is flow rate in cubic meters per second g is acceleration due to gravity k is coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1.

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER

 Technical benefits- long life span, less maintenance and no fuel cost.  Environmental benefits- renewable source, no green house gas emission  Flood migration through storage dams.  Social impact- improved standards of living, recreation spots, employment opportunity.

DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER

 Disturbance to ecological system.  Adverse impact on Groundwater.  Transport of nutrients.  Population movements.  Dam breach- uncontrolled flooding.  Development of diseases due to bacteria growth in reservoir water.

INDIAN SCENARIO
INDIA is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to be about 1,48,701 MW installation capacity. India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydropotential on global scenario. Hydro-potential from small, mini & micro schemes has been estimated as 6782 MW from 1512 sites. In addition, 56 number of pumped storage projects have also been identified with probable installed capacity of 94 000 MW.

FUTURE OF HYDRO POWER

The theoretical size of the worldwide hydro power is about four times greater than that which has been exploited at this time. Small scale and low head hydro capacity will probably increase in the future as research on low head turbines. Many small hydro electric sites were abandoned in the 1950's and 60's when the price of oil and coal was very low, and their environmental impacts unrealized. Increased fuel prices in the future could result in these facilities being refurbished. Still the best way of power generation, serves long, no component loss due to ash deposition etc.

Thank you so much !!