ARCHWIRES

Bano Umme Abiha Roll # 57 Group D

AN ORTHODONTIST IS AS GOOD AS THE ARCHWIRE HE USES

CONTENTS
Archwires Wire Selection Mechanical Preperties Archwire Application Archwire Materials

Stainless Steel Cobalt Chromium Nickel Ttanium Beta Titanium

Effect Of Size & Shape

Archwires
Archwire is one of the active components of fixed appliances

Wire Selection
Main variables involved in wire selection are related to; The extent of movement required The speed at which movement should occur

Production Of Orthodontic Force

Elastic behavior Defined by stress-strain response to external load Stress= internal distribution of the load; force/unit area Strain= internal distortion produced by the load; deflection/unit length

Orthodontic Arch Wire = Beam

Force applied to a beam = stress Measure deflection = strain; examples:

1. Bending 2. Twisting 3. Change in length

Key Considerations
Useful properties:  Stiffness
The amount of force required to deflect or bend a wire. The greater the diameter of an archwire the greater the stiffness.

 Springback
Springback ability of a wire is a measure of its ability to undergo large deflection without permanent deformation

 Strength
The highest amount of force the material can resist

Strength Of The Material

Defined by 3 points 1. Proportional limit Point at which permanent deformation is first observed Similar to elastic limit 2. Yield strength Point at which 0.1% deformation occurs 3. Ultimate tensile (yield) strength Maximum load wire can sustain

Stiffness & Springiness

Stiffness & Springiness are reciprocal properties Springiness = 1/Stiffness

Related to the elastic portion of forcedeflection curve (slope) More horizontal slope = greater springiness More vertical slope = greater stiffness

Range & Springback

Range - Distance wire will bend elastically before permanent deformation
Springback - After the wire is deflected beyond yield strength, clinically useful springback occurs Failure Point - At this the wire breaks

Strength = Stiffness x Range

Resilience & Formability

Also illustrated with stress-strain curve Resilience
- Area under the stress-strain curve to proportional limit - Represents stored energy available after deflection without permanent deformation

Formability
- The amount of permanent deformation a wire can withstand before failing

Ideal Orthodontic Wire Material

Deflection properties:
High strength Low stiffness (usually) High range High formability

Other properties:
Weldable, solderable Reasonable cost

No one wire meets all criteria!

Select for purpose required

Archwire Application

Materials
Precious metal alloys Stainless steel Cobalt chromium Beta titanium Nickel titanium alloys Glass optiflex Fiber reinforced composite

Precious Metal Alloys

First half of 20th century, used extensively as arch wires Advantages:
Excellent formability Environmental stability Biocompatibility

Disadvantage:
Low springback High cost

Stainless Steel
Referred to as 18-8 stainless steel Advantages:
Adequate strength, resilience & formability Adequate springback Corrosion resistance similar to precious metal alloys Biocompatible Economical

Commonly used as orthodontic archwires

Stainless Steel
-High stiffness-good control -Easily adjusted -Low friction -Can be welded or soldered
-

Very rigid wire, good for space closure but not for alignment . Used as working archwires Multistranded stainless steel wire can be used as initial archwires

Stainless Steel
Disadvantages:
Low flexibility Low range of action

Cobalt Chromium
Available as Elgiloy Supplied as softer material, can be hardened by heat treatment following bending. Advantages: Best formability Adequate springback Corrosion resistant Biocompatibility Inexpensive Disadvantage Difficult to join by soldering

Cobalt Chromium
Uses: Cobalt chromium archwire is used as an alternative to stainless steel archwire when greater formability and friction are needed.

Beta Titanium
Available as TMA (acronym for titaniummolybdenum alloy) Advantages:
Excellent resilience Reasonably good formability High range & springback Biocompatibility Can be welded

Disadvantage:
High friction

Beta Titanium
Uses:
This archwire material is commonly used in final stages of orthodontic treatment, when individual tooth positioning is required to achieve a desired occlusion. Excellent choice for auxiliary springs Fabrication of closing loops that may contain helices Used to provide root paralleling

Nickel - Titanium
Outstanding features
the shape memory feature (which allows the bent wire to return in it s original shape) super-elasticity (ability to deliver a low force over long range of deformation)

Also called Nitinol (Nickel Titanium Naval Ordinance Laboratory)

Nickel - Titanium
NiTi Transformation
High Temperature

Austenite

TTR

Low Temperature

Martensite

In response to temperature variation, the crystal structure undergoes deformations in which the molecular arrangement is modified without a change of atomic composition.

Nickel - Titanium

Nickel - Titanium

Nickel - Titanium

Nickel - Titanium
-Martensitic NiTi is responsible for the lowering of the delivery force. -Austenitic NiTi is responsible for elasticity

Nickel - Titanium
Advantages
-Lowest force delivery of the four orthodontic wire alloys -Excellent springback in bending, particularly for superelastic and shape-memory alloys

Disadvantages
-Expensive, particularly for newest products -Difficult to place permanent bends and cannot bend wire over sharp edge -Wires cannot be soldered and must be joined by mechanical crimping process

Nickel - Titanium
DUAL FLEX ARCHWIRE Archwire (NiTi) with two types of cross-section in anterior and posterior sections of same archwire.

Glass Optiflex
New type of archwire, developed in 1992 Transparent, non-metallic archwire Made of clear optical fiber Advantages:
Highly esthetic High resilience

Disadvantage:
Can not accept a sharp bend b/c of brittle core

Glass Optiflex
Use:
Especially effective in the alignment of crowded teeth Skeletal Class III open bite treatment

Coated Archwires
Nickel titanium & stainless steel arch wires coated in different colours

Plastic/Teflon Coated NiTi

Plastic coated, tooth colored super-elastic nickel titanium archwires Available as Nitanium Advantages:
Lower friction Blends with
Natural dentition Ceramic, plastic & composite brackets

Stain & crack resistent

Disavantage:
After some time of use in the mouth these wires begin to lose their plastic coating

Aesthetic Micro Coated Archwire

A huge advancement in coated wires Provides an optimum cosmetic appearance Reduce friction and improve sliding mechanics compared to fully coated wire Resistant to staining and cracking even if the archwire shape is changed

FUTURE Fiber Reinforced Composite

Research is under way, which will combine esthetics with the required mechanical properties. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are currently being developed for use as orthodontic archwire materials. Allergic reactions to nickel, are also averted with composite materials Fiber reinforced composite materials are expected to replace metals as the material of choice for orthodontic arch wires.

Size & Shape

Cross-section Length

Diameter OR Cross-section
Changing the diameter of wire:
Doubling the diameter(d)
increases strength 8 times
Strength d Springiness d Range d 2d = 8 2d = 1/16

Decreases springiness by a factor of 16 Decreases range by a factor of 2

2d = 1/2

Diameter OR Cross-section
Rectangular wires Decreasing size
Decreases strength Increases springiness Increases range

Torsion

Diameter OR Cross-section
To establish wire sizes (for any material) that are useful in orthodontics
Upper & lower limit is determined

Length
Wire supported at one end If length is doubled;
Bending
Strength decreased to half Springiness increases 8 times Range increases 4 times

Torsion
Springiness & range increase proportionally (twice) Strength is not affected by length

Attachment
An archwire can be tied tightly or loosely If an arch wire is loosely tied into bracket & can slide over the abutments
Its springiness is four times more than the wire which is tied tightly Its range is twice But strength is half as compared to the rigidly fixed archwire

Reference
Applied Dental Materials - John F. McCabe & Angus W.G. Walls An Introduction To Orthodontics Laura Mitchell Contemporary Orthodontics William R. Proffit http://www.jco-online.com/archive/articleview.aspx?year=1992&month=04&articlenum=245 http://www.scribd.com/doc/39814001/21/Chapter-21-Orthodontic-Wires http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6176/is_1_20/ai_n32045824/ http://www.idental.com.sg/services/orthodontics/types_of_braces file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/abiha/Desktop/PPT%20Arch/arch %20wires,%20orthodontic%20wires,%20what%20is%20an%20archwire%2 0arch% file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/abiha/Desktop/PPT%20Arch/Arch wire%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htm file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/abiha/Desktop/PPT%20Arch/Orth odontic%20Archwires,%20Niti%20Archwires,%20Thermal%20Archwires%2 0