Rudiments of Transmission Network (20080704)

08/09/11
Rudiments of Transmission Network
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Know the basic of transmission Understand the basic concepts, Know the features, applications and advantages of SDH/MSTP, WDM and MW
Huawei Confidential
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Contents
1. 2. 3. 4.
The Transmission at a Glance SDH/MSTP Overview WDM Overview MicroWave Overview
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Broadband Network
IMS Core Internet/SP IPTV Server
Application Backbone
Traffic from POP to Core

MSCG
POP
Metro
Traffic from ACCESS to POP

MSAN MSAN MSAN
Access
Phone PC
Phone TV
TV
PC
TV
PC Page 4
Business
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2G Mobile Network
MSC MSC MSC
Traffic from MSC to MSC
MSC
Traffic from BSC to MSC

BSC BSC
Traffic from BTS to BSC
BSC
BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS
BTS
BTS
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3G Mobile Network
SGSN MGW MGW/MGW Server
Traffic from MGW to MGW

SGSN MGW
Traffic from RNC to MGW

RNC RNC RNC
Traffic from NodeB to RNC
NodeB NodeB
NodeB NodeB NodeBNodeB NodeB NodeB
NodeB
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Type of Transmission
Wire transmission

Coaxial-cable Optical fiber Transmission Laser transmission Satellite Transmission Microwave Transmission
Wireless transmission

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Contents
1. 2. 3. 4.
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Development History of Optical Transmission Network

SDH standards were improved PDH was main stream OADM OXC Were gradually applied
Practical product appeared
DWDM constructions began
1976 1966
Early 1990s
1998
After 2004
Increasing Capacity
1980 Plentiful PDH products were applied 1994 1999 Plentiful DWDM were applied, All-Optical network was under research
Gao Kun Invented Optical Transmission Theory
SDH equipments gradually became the main stream
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PDH and SDH

C1 B1
PDH: Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

C2-1 C2-2 C2-3
C3 C4-1 C4-2 C4-3 B3-1
B2-1
B2-3 B2-2
B3-2 B3-3 B4-2 B4-3
SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
PDH and SDH bit rate

PDH
level Bit rate (Kb/s) 2048 8448 34368 139264 level STM-1 STM-4
B4-1
SDH
Bit rate (Mb/s) 155.520 622.080
PDH/SDH equipment functions 1.Access all kinds of low-speed service 2.Multiplex and Demultiplex 3.Long distance transmission (amplifier, regenerator 4.Service grooming 5.protection PDH hasnt protection ability
E1 E2 E3 E4
STM-16 2488.320 STM-64 9953.280
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Comparison Between PDH/SDH

PDH SDH
N uni f i ed I nt ernat i onal St andards on2M ser i es 2M 8M 34M 140M 565M U f i ed I nt ernat i onal St andard: ni 1. 5M seri es N h Am i ca 1. 5M ort er 155M 622M 2. 5G 10G , 6. 3M 45M 274M , J apan 1. 5M 6. 3M 32M 100M St andard O i cal I nt erf ace and Fram pt e w t hout uni f i ed i nt ernat i onal opt i cal i St r uct ure ( STM N - ) st andard STM N N 1 4 16 64 256 - =
bi t - rat e st andard
opt i cal i nt erf ace st andard
Add/ D rop Technol ogy, one st ep m pl y servi ce one st ep by one st ep, ul m t i pl ex and ul m pl y and dem t i pl y, can add/ drop ul ul need m ore ci rcui t t o add/ drop, dem t i pl ex ul ser vi ce f rom hi gh speed si gnal com ex st ruct i on, hi gh cost pl di r ect l y Pow ul O & Capabi l i t y, abundant erf AM P Poor net w ork O capabi l i t y- - - - > not AM overheads, st r ong sof t w are enough overhead byt es t echnol ogy Fl exi bl e net w orki ng poi ng t o poi nt M t i t ype net w ul orki ng, sel f heal i ng, upgradeabl e.
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O & AM P
net w orki ng f l exi bi l i t y
Interface Comparison between PDH and SDH PDH

North American European Japan Non Unified International Interface
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
SDH
STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 Unified International Interface
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SDH/PDH Multiply and De-multiply Comparison

140/34Mbit/s electrical optical / Optical signal de multiplex D D F 34/140Mbit/s optical electrical Optical signal
Multi service one step
multiplex
34/8Mbit/s de multiplex
8/34Mbit/s multiplex
8/2Mbit/s
2/8Mbit/s
by one step, need more circuit to add/drop, complex structure, high cost
de multiplex 2Mbit/s
PDH Packing
Alignment
PKG PKG PKG
multiplex
Add/drop service
STM-1
by pointer, easy to know the position in the frame.
Synchronization
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Easy OAM of SDH
Abundant overhead in SDH frame structure, which can be used for performance monitor, fault detection, order wire communication, protection switch, strong OAM ability.
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Structure of SDH Equipment

1 Line Interface
Accomplish STM-N signals O/E conversion. Process management units pointer. Produce/finish section overhead. Timing Comm & Control Order-wire
2 Tributary Interface
Accomplish add/drop service signals PDH 2M 34M 45M 140M SDH 155M 622M 2.5G
Line Inter face CS-matrix PDH & SDH Tributary Interface
Line Inter face
3 Cross-Connect Matrix
Cross connect VC from line signals or tributary signals according to the requirement. Realize line-line, line-tributary, tributarytributary cross-connect to fulfill add/drop circuit function.
5 Communication & Control

Collect the data from all units, transmit it through DCC channels, receive orders from NMS and take action
4 Timing Circuit
Interior: provide timing signals to equipments each unit. Exterior: exterior timing, pick up timing signals, remain/free running machnism, timing resource switch.
6 Order Wire
Provide order wire phone.
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Ring Application of SDH Equipment

STM-1/4/16/64 STM-1/4/16/64
2M 34M 140M 155M
2M 34M 140M 155M
2M 34M 140M 155M
STM-1/4/16/64
2M 34M 140M 155M
STM-1/4/16/64
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SDH Equipment Type

TM
REG
ADM
REG
TM
. TM (Termination Multiplexer )
Multiplexing of PDH/SDH tributary signals to SDH line signals and vice versa STM-N DXC
. ADM (Add-Drop
Multiplex equipment)
Add/drop Multiplexer is used in the transfer station of SDH transmission network SDH line STM-N
. REG (Regenerator )
Usually in the middle of the network, aim to make transmission distance longer, but can not add/drop circuit.
. DXC (Digital Cross-Connect )

The major function of Digital Cross-Connect Equipment is to cross connect STM-N signals. It is a multiple-port device (multiple SDH port), actually equals a cross-connect matrix accomplishing the cross connect between signals
PDH
tributary
Networking of SDH Equipment

1. Linear
TM TM TM TM DXC ADM REG ADM TM ADM TM
3. Mesh 2. Ring
ADM ADM ADM ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
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Powerful Protection of SDH Equipment

Network level
1 SNCP 2 MS-SP Ring protection( 2F/4F MSP) 3 1+1 MSP,1:N MSP TPS 2M, 34M/45M, 155M, FE 1:N protection
Equipment level Board level

1 power unit 1+1 2 control unit 1+1 3 cross-connect unit 1+1 4 timing unit 1+1
Transmission equipment can
MSP: Multiplex Section Protection SNCP: Sub-Network Connection Protection

guarantee 50ms switch time

Challenges to Bearer Network from Service Development

Now
Wireless Voice Wireless Data Streaming Message
High Speed Internet
Future
Online Gaming Message Directory Storage
Location & Presence
Dial-up
Multiple services exist together, such as SDH/PDH/N*64K/Ethernet/ATM/SAN

Multiple services lead to multiple networks Operators change roles to multiple service operators from single service operators
Targets : Reduce the complexity as well as TCO !
Voice
X.25
PSTN
VoIP
Video
Voice
Data
FR IP ATM SDH PDH

Mobile RAN
Unified Bearer Network Bearer Network

FTTP/ HFC
Cable ADSL CDMA GSM/GPRS Ethernet
DSL
Wireless
SDH Network Must Change with Data Service Development

GE L2/L GE 3 FE GSR GE
^_^ rtun oppo ity
Transmission network
GE L2/L FE 3
Features of data service: services is burst and unpredictable, the bandwidth allocation should be dynamic Different service has different importance and need different service level Advantages of SDH: flexible add/drop, high reliable transmission, powerful OAM, intelligent NMS, etc. Disadvantages of SDH: low bandwidth utilization, without statistical multiplex Apparently, SDH network must make some improvement with data service development, and MSTP is the best choice.
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MSTP Solution
Ethernet ATM
Management Management SAN
SDH/PDH
Management
Management
PDH/SDH board
Management
MSTP
Ethernet board ATM board
Only one service board is needed on the basis of the existing SDH SAN board platform to access this kind of service One network to bear all kinds of services, only one platform and one kind of NMS instead of multiple ones One network= fast service provision + lower CAPEX & OPEX
MSTP Equipment Structure

W SDH SDH NM S PIU AUX Eth. board -48V AUX interface E
ATM board
PDH SDH
FE GE
RPR
ATM
SAN
WDM
MSTP = SDH + new function board

Ethernet board, ATM board, SAN board can be supported based on the SDH platform. NMS of MSTP is the same with SDH platform, so that opex can be saved.
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Huawei: Introduced MSTP Concept

?
development
e n o t s r i f h T e c u d o r t n i P T S M , y g o l n h c e t n i a n i h C 0 1 .
MSTP
e n o t s r i f h T e z i l a r l a i c r e m o R E V O M T A H D S n o i t a c l p 4 . 1 0 2
RPR OVER SDH
0 2
ET. OVER SDH ATM OVER SDH

e n o t s r i f h T e z i l a r l a i c r e m o H D S R E V O h t n o i t a c l p 6 . 1 0
o t e n s r i f h T e c u d o r t n i R P d e b m . a n i h C 3 . 2 0
1994 2000.10
2001.4
2001.6
M-ADM
MSTP
2002.3 2004.12
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New Requirements Push Bearer Network to Evolve

IP service is the trend, but it is unpredictable, dynamic for bandwidth and requires for E2E connection.
Disadvantages of ring network: low bandwidth utilization, not very high reliability, can not provide different level service
Node B Switch Router
The actual network of the operators are mesh topology, which is suitable for mesh protection .
Router Switch
DSLAM
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Whats ASON
The purpose of the Automatically Switched Optical Network control plane is: 1.Facilitate fast and efficient configuration of connections within a transport layer network to support both switched and soft permanent connections. 2.Reconfigure or modify connections that support calls that have previously been set up. 3.Perform a restoration function ITU-T G.8080 Chapter 5 Page 10
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ASON Network Structure

Control Plane
OCC UNI control OCC OCC NNI OCC E-NNI OCC NMI
Network Management Plane

NMI Network Management Interface
CCI Connection Controller Interface NE
CCI
NE UNI data NE NE
NE
Transport plane
E-NNI
ASON Introduces control plane to Optical Network Its the first time to adopt dynamic switching function. Distributed control plane is the trend.
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ASON Logical Structure

NMS
Signaling Protocol RSVP-TE
Routing Protocol
OSPF-TE
Link Management Protocol LMP Communication and control unit of NE

Control Link Management Link Transport Link Control Link
Line Interface
Cross-Connect Unit
Line Interface
Management Link Transport Link
The NE with ASON function ,which is based on the traditional network elements, has transplanted the intelligent software module
What ASON Bring to the Network

E2E service provisioning
Automatic Discovery ASON/GMPLS
Abundant protection Mechanism
Higher reliability
ON Reliability(%) P&R (Dimension 4) 100.00% 99.98% 99.96% 99.94% 99.92% P&R/ Restoration M.RING Distance (km) 1200
Cost
Lower OPEX
Traditional ON ASON based OTN
S.RING
80160 240 320 600
Capability
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Resource Automatic Discovery

T1
1000km 200km
T4
700km
D A C
400km
E
800km
I F
200km
T2
200km
200km
100km
H T3
Every node can search the neighbor NE automatically; Every NE can build the topology by itself.
End2End Service Configuration

R1 R4
E D A C F
R2 B G
H R3
Select Source & Destination
Confirm bandwidth/class/restriction about service Set up the connection for service

Five Class SLA

Diamond
Service class Mechanism of protection 1. Permanent 1 1 protection 2. 1+1+restoration 3. 1+1protection MSP-Ring and restoration Automatic restoration No protection No protection& preempted
Gold
Silver
Copper
Iron
performance
<50ms
Protection 50ms Restoration 2 s
Restoration 2 s
Ratio of bandwidth usage
low
middle
high
Very high
highest
Revenue of operators Very high
high
middle
low
low
ASON based SLA, meet different customers requirements Can be transformed from different SLAs and intelligent SLAs can be switched to traditional service ASON+LCAS provides flexible bandwidth management.
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4.
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What's WDM
Gas Station
Free Way
Patrol Car
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WDM Concept
Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a fiber for transmission.
SDH signal IP package ATM cells
1 2 n
1 2
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WDM System Structure
The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:

Optical Transponder Unit (OTU) Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU) Optical Amplifier (OA) Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)
OTU OTU OTU O M / O A OSC O A / O D OSC
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OTU OTU OTU
OLA
OSC
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Optical Transponder Unit OTU

Reshape
Input G.957
O/E
Retiming Regenerat
E/O
Output G.692
3R
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Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
TFF
Thin Film Filter
AWG
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
1 2 n
1 2
1 2
1 2 n
Multiplexer
Demultiplexer
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Application of OA
EDFA RFA
OTU
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Raman Fiber Amplifier
OTU
M 4 U 0 X
OA
M OA 4 0
M OA4 0
D M M 4 U 0 X
OTU
OTU
Booster amplifier
Line Amplifier
Pre-amplifier
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Optical Supervisory Channel
Requirements:
Operating wavelength should be different from the pumping wavelength of OA. Operating wavelength should not take 1310nm window, normaly is 1510nm Available when OA fails; Suitable for long distance transmission.
OSC S C C OTU1 OTU2 OTU3 OTU4
M 4 0
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M 4 0
F I U
F I U
OSC OTU1 OTU2 OTU3 OTU4 S C C
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CWDM Vs DWDM
CWDM:

Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex 20nm Channel Spacing in S/C/L Band 2.5Gbps per channel Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex 100/50G/25GHz channel spacing in C/L Band. 40Gbps per channel
DWDM:

ITU-T G.694.1
Extended C band 192chs, 25GHz spacing C band 160chs
Extended 32chs
192.05THz 191.275THz
196.05THz
192.125THz
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Application Modes Open and Integrated System
Open System
MUX
M 4 0
DMUX
Client equipment
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M 4 0
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O T U
O T U Client Equipment
Application Modes Open and Integrated System
Integrated System
MUX
M 4 0
DMUX
Client Equipment
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M 4 0
Client Equipment
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WDM Site Type and Networking
Site Type :OTM, OADM(FOADM/ROADM) OLA,REG,OEQ

80.0 km 80.0 km 100.0 km 200.0 km
OTM
OLA
FOADM
ROADM
OTM
Networking Topology : P2P, Chain, Ring, Mesh.

OADM OADM
OADM OADM
OADM OADM
OADM
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Limitation of WDM System-Attenuation
Generally, the attenuation coefficient in 1310nm and 1550n are around 0.3-0.4dB/km and 0.17-0.25dB/km respectively.
Attenuat(dB) ion
OH- ion Absorption Minimum Minimum Loss Window Loss Window
1310
1550
C band L band
(nm)
Loss (dB)=attenuation coefficient (dB/km)* distance (km)
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Limitation of WDM System-Dispersion

DATA IN DATA OUT
Input laser
Optical receiver
Fiber length
Fiber length
Dispersion in fiber refers to a physical phenomenon of signal distortion caused when various modes carrying signal energy or different frequencies of the signal have different group velocity and disperse from each other during propagation. Leads the degradation of optical signal performance, errors, etc.
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Limitation of WDM System-Nonlinear Effect

Kerr Effect
SPM Self-phase Modulation XPM Cross-phase Modulation XFM Four-wave Mixing
Stimulated Nonelasticity Scattering

SBS Brillouin SRS Raman
Distortion

Crosstalk
Power Transfer
SRS limits the injection power, threshold power is100mW SBS limits the optical power of single wavelength threshold power is smaller for spectrum line lasers. SPM Broaden the signal's spectrum, the influence of dispersion becoming bigger. XPM Limits the input optical power and the wavelength spacing. FWM occurs in the case that two or three light waves with different wavelength interact and cause new light waves at other wavelengths.
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OTN
OTN-Optical Transport Network OTN is composed of a set of Optical Network Elements connected by optical fibre links, able to provide functionality of transport, multiplexing, routing, management, supervision and survivability of optical channels carrying client signals.
Transparent
transmission of
client signals Excellent OAM Large-capacity grooming Protection
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ROADM
Wave Blocker
PLC
WSS
ROADM-Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer

Dynamic
wavelength management Dynamic power control and remote monitoring Add services quickly
Any node, any port, any wavelength
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Contents
1. 2. 3. 4.
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Whats MW for?
is a transmission system with the similar function as optical network. erences of MW with Optical Transmission are: Medium: No need of optical fibre but needs license for radio frequency sage. apacity: Relatively small, usually max. of 1 2xSTM -1. ransmission Distance: Line of Sight, up to several tens of Km, nfluenced by climatic conditions. Because of the aforementioned features, MW is mainly used in the small capacity access layer transport network. It brings rapid deployment and low TCO to the customers. Application Situation: 1.2G/3G/WiMax BS service backhaul. 2.Access layer network in less developed regions. 3.Private network.
MW Communication vs Optical Communication MW Transmission Optical Transmission

Medium Capacity Transmission Distance Communication Quality CAPEX Microwave 300M 300GHz Usual Capacity< 2STM-1/ channel Must be in Line of Sight about 50km with no obstacles Influenced by the climate and weather rain, snow, fog, air current, etc. less investment and shorter period of deployment OPEX Low OPEX and little maintenance, strong disaster resisting ability and easy and rapid restoration Applicable Situation Small capacity, access layer network , region demanding rapid deployment
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Optical Fiber <1600G/pair fiber Normally within 120Km no influence of geographical environment No influence of climatic conditions
More investment on basic construction and longer period of deployment Needs outdoor maintenance, more risk of being damaged during natural disaster
Large capacity and long distance transmission

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Microwave Applications
Because of the features mentioned above, MW is mainly deployed in the small scale access layer network. Customers are benefited by its rapid deployment and low TCO (Total cost of the Ownership). Subsidiary to
optical network (last one kilometre Special terrain access) (river, lake, island )
Backhaul in Mobile network
Microwave Application Redundancy backup of important link
VIP access
Emergency communication (large-scale conference, rescue movement, etc.)
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Applicable Terrains for MW Communication

Terrains are divided as follows: A Mountains also cities with dense tall buildings B Hills C Plain D Large water area
MW communication is most applicable in terrain A. Terrain B,C and D follow respectively as a better environment for MW communication.
Classification of Microwave Equipment

Multiple x Method PDH SDH
Capacity
2 16E1
STM-0
STM-1 32 75E1 2 x STM-1 XPIC Super PDH Trunk MW
Structur e
Split MW All-outdoor MW
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Digital MW System Principle Diagram
Transmission
Reception
BB
Modulator
IF
Transmitter
RF
RF
Receiver
IF
Demodulator
BB
- Microwave frame
- Multiplexing - Modulation
- Translation - Amplification
- Translation - Amplification
-Demodulation - Microwave frame -Measurements of B.E.R. - Demultiplexing - Distortion correction
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Trunk Microwave Equipment

High cost, large capacity, highly stable performance and suitable for long distance transmission and backbone network. Radio frequency, intermediate frequency, signal processing and multiplex unit are all located indoor except antenna and feeder system.
Trunk MW
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All-outdoor Microwave Equipment

All units are outdoormount. Easy to install. Saves the machine room space
All-outdoor MW
Split-mount Microwave Equipment
Radio processing unit (ODU) is located outdoor, intermediate frequency, signal processing and multiplex unit are all located indoor, the ODU and IDU are connected by IF Outdoor Unit cable.
Antenna Unit
ODU can be attached to the back of the antenna or can be connected by short flexible waveguide with little loss.
IF Cable
Relatively small capacity, prompt and convenient to install and maintain. The most widely deployed MW in the industry.
Indoor Unit
Split MW
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Topology of Digital Microwave

MW transmission network is based on hops.
Chai n Unit 1 hop P2P
Tree
Sta r
Ring
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Digital microwave frequency

Microwave frequency from 300MHz to 300GHz
Frequency 10Km Wavelength
VHF (Very High Frequency) 30 KHz 300 3MHz 30 300 3GHz 30GHZ 300 3 T Hz
100m
10
100mm
10
100 m
Name
VLF (Very Low Frequency)
MF LF (Low Frequency) (Medium Frequency)
HF (High Frequency)
UHF (Ultra High Frequency)
EHF (Extremely (Super High High Frequency) Frequency)) Satellite
SHF
Optical
Aviation
Broadcast
Broadcast TV
FM Broadcast
TV
Main Application
Wireless
Aviation
TV
Microwave
Ordinarily digital microwave frequencies

4/5/6/7/8/11/13/15/18/23/26/32/38 GHz ITU-R recommendation
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MW Radio Channel Configuration

Multiple T/R Spacing and Channel Spacing are defined for each frequency band.
Frequency Band
Lower half band T/R Spacing
f0 Center frequency
Upper half band
Protection Spacing
T/R Spacing
Channel Spacing
f1
f2
fn
Adjacen Channel Spacing t T/R Spacing f f2 1
fn
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MW Radio Channel Configuration (cont..)

The concepts you should know about frequency are as follows:

Frequency Band: Frequency range used for transmission. High Site and Low Site: Since a couple of different frequency points is used to transmit and receive signals, the site with its receiving frequency higher than transmitting frequency is defined as High Site. (The definition in other countries may vary.)
T/R Spacing: The spacing between the receiving and transmitting frequency points. According to ITU-R, spacing requirements are different for different countries following dissimilar standards.
Channel Spacing: Means the bandwidth, its related to the capacity and modulation methods used.
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Huawei Confidential
ODU Sub Frequency Band
Each ODU has a definite frequency range and each frequency band can be divided into several sub-bands.
Band T/R Spacing Sub-band Lower band Upper band
7G 7G 7G 7G
161 161 161 161
A B C D
7114~7177 7149~7212 7184~7247 7219~7282
7275~7338 7310~7373 7345~7408 7380~7443
Sub-band is an important parameter for a MW vendor. For a given frequency range, fewer the sub-bands are more flexible the configuration is, furthermore the cost of stocking up will be cut down.
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ODU Sub Frequency Band (contd..)
Some vendors declare covering the whole frequency band with the use of single ODU, however they attach the diplexer, which is the key part in determining the working frequency of the ODU, so that there is no need for changing ODU but only the diplexer.
Because of availability of lots of sub-bands, we can support all of the frequency points recommended in ITU-R. Most of the other vendors, including NEC, have fewer sub-bands and cover the frequency bands with lots of gaps in between.
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Countermeasures Against Fading

Type Countermeasures relating to the equipment Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) Waveform Distortion Adaptive Equalization contribution Waveform Distortion
Automatic Transmitter Power Control (ATPC) Forward Error Correction FEC Countermeasures relating to the system Diversity Technologies
Power fall
Power fall
Waveform Distortion and Power fall
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1. ATPC (Automatic Transmitted Power Control )
ATPC: Under the limited power control of the ATPC function, the transmitter power changes over the ATPC range following the change in the receiver power.
In normal condition, the Transmitter power can be fixed to a low value, like 10-15dB less than normal value, in this way, a lot of power consumption can be saved and the interference between the neighbouring channels will decrease as well.
Whenever fading occurs, receiver examines the fading whether it is less than lowest receiving signal defined by ATPC or not, if yes, then it will notice the transmitter to increase the transmitting power through RFCOH bytes.
Module Diagram of ATPC System is as follows:
modulator
transmitter
receiver
modulator
ATPC
modulator receiver
ATPC
transmitter
modulator
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2. XPIC (cross polarization interference canceller )

In MW communication system, to increase the 30MH z spectrum efficiency, 2 different signals can be transmitted over one V (H) frequency point by cross polarization, which H (V) realizes doubles efficiency. To eliminate serious interference 30MH between the two different z polarized signals, the XPIC V technology should Horizontal (H) be introduced. Polarization EDirection Vertical Polarization
H (V) 80MHz 60MHz 1 2 3 340MHz 4 5 6 7 680MHz
8 1
MHz 680 80MHz 60MHz 1 2 3 340MH z 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1X
2X
3X
4X 5X
6X
7X
8X 1X 8X
2X
3X'
4X
5X 6X
7X
Waveguide Shape
U6GHz Frequency Band Configuration ITU-R F.384
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3. Diversity
It is a kind of technology used to reduce the effects of fading by combining or selecting the signals carrying same information from receiver(s) which propagate through different paths. Space Diversity (SD) and Frequency Diversity (FD) are commonly used.
Space diversity is economical and effective solution; frequency diversity occupies more frequency points, so that it is commonly used in multi-channels system (i.e. Trunk MW). System requiring one of the extra channel for back up mostly uses FD.
H f1 f2
SD
FD
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Frequency Diversity
During transmission through air, fading characteristic of signals with different frequencies are different. So we can combine or select two or more signals with different frequencies carrying same information to reduce fading.
Its merit is that it needs only one set of feeder and antenna, but its demerit is that utilization of frequency band is low.
f1 f2
Huawei Confidential
Page 70
Space Diversity The multi-path fading characteristic of signals propagating

through different paths is different. We can use two or more sets of antennae to receive the signals with same frequency and then combine the received signals or select one to reduce fading, this is called space diversity. The count of antennae decides the count of diversity. Its merit is that it saves frequency resource, but its demerit is that the system is complex and needs two or more sets of feeder and antenna Antenna Spacing: For commonly used frequency bands, 100-200
f1 times the corresponding wavelength.
f1
Huawei Confidential
Page 71
Thank you
www.huawei.com

Rudiments of Transmission Network (20080704)

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08/09/11

Rudiments of Transmission Network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

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The Transmission at a Glance SDH/MSTP Overview WDM Overview MicroWave Overview

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Traffic from POP to Core

Traffic from ACCESS to POP

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Traffic from MSC to MSC

Traffic from BSC to MSC

Traffic from BTS to BSC

BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS

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Traffic from MGW to MGW

Traffic from RNC to MGW

Traffic from NodeB to RNC

NodeB NodeB NodeBNodeB NodeB NodeB

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The Transmission at a Glance SDH/MSTP Overview WDM Overview MicroWave Overview

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Development History of Optical Transmission Network

Practical product appeared

DWDM constructions began

Gao Kun Invented Optical Transmission Theory

SDH equipments gradually became the main stream

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PDH and SDH

PDH: Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

PDH and SDH bit rate

STM-16 2488.320 STM-64 9953.280

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Comparison Between PDH/SDH

opt i cal i nt erf ace st andard

net w orki ng f l exi bi l i t y

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Interface Comparison between PDH and SDH PDH

SDH/PDH Multiply and De-multiply Comparison

Multi service one step

by pointer, easy to know the position in the frame.

Easy OAM of SDH

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Structure of SDH Equipment

Line Inter face CS-matrix PDH & SDH Tributary Interface

Line Inter face

5 Communication & Control

Ring Application of SDH Equipment

2M 34M 140M 155M

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2M 34M 140M 155M

SDH Equipment Type

. DXC (Digital Cross-Connect )

Networking of SDH Equipment

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Powerful Protection of SDH Equipment

Equipment level Board level

Transmission equipment can

MSP: Multiplex Section Protection SNCP: Sub-Network Connection Protection

guarantee 50ms switch time