UNIT 2

OSCILLATOR

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN OSCILLATOR

D.C input

OSCILLATOR

A.C output

Figure 2.1: Block diagram of an oscillator

Oscillator is a device that convert D.C voltage into A.C voltage without any external source at a particular frequency.

Oscillator is divided into two classes depending on their waveform : i. Harmonic oscillator - the sine wave. ii. Non-harmonic oscillator - in the square wave, triangle wave, etc..

Harmonic oscillator Figure 2.2: Harmonic oscillator

Non-harmonic oscillator

Figure 2.3 : Non-harmonic oscillator

REQUIREMENTS OF OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS



All the basic oscillator circuit consists of three parts: i. Amplifier ii. feedback iii. Frequency Generation Circuits
AMPLIFIER
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FREQUENCY GENERATION CIRCUITS

FEEDBACK

Figure 2.4 : Block diagram an Oscillator circuit.

AMPLIFIER
  

Generally, an amplifier or simply amp is a device for increasing the power of a signal. For electronic amplifier, the input "signal" is usually a voltage or a current. In this case oscillator requires DC power supply to produce output. That means this DC power supply is used as an input of the amplifier

FEEDBACK


Feedback happens when part of the output signal supplied to the input. Since the oscillator has no input signal, the feedback signal is the input signal for the amplifier in the oscillator circuit.

 

There are two principles of feedback Negative feedback Positive feedback.

An oscillator using the principle of positive feedback. Figure 2.5 below shows the basic block diagram of a feedback system used:
Vi Ve Vf
Amplifier Amplifie AV r

Output

F
Figure 2.5: Block diagram for the basic feedback
F = Feedback factor Vf = FVo or AFVe

Af =

Vo A ! Vi 1 - AF

formula for multiple amplifier with positive feedback

For oscillator it does not require the input voltage, so the input voltage should be Vi = 0. This means that the denominator in the equation | 1 - A F |must be zero or | AF | = 1.

Let us look at some of the conditions listed below: i. If | A F | = 1........  The value of Vf = A FVe will be Vf = (1)Ve or Vf = Ve.  That means that the voltage will be equal to the input voltage feedback to the amplifier.  In this condition the oscillator will operate properly or the input signal will always oscillate. (See Figure 2.6 below)

Figure 2.6: Condition when| AF | = 1

ii. If | A F | <1  Example: If the value of | A F |= 0.5 which is 1). Then Vf = .  That means that the feedback voltage will be smaller than the input voltage to amplifier.  In this condition the voltage output will decrease and disappear within a few cycles because the voltage feedback is not large enough to maintain the output voltage. (See Figure 2.7 below)

Figure 2.7: Condition when | AF | < 1

iii. If | A F |> 1..  Example: if | AF | = 2 then Vf = 2Ve.  This means that the feedback voltage will be larger than the input voltage to the amplifier.  In this case the output voltage will be larger until it reaches a stage where it will reach the saturation stage and will be cut off. (See Figure 2.8 below)

Figure 2.8: Condition when | AF | > 1

FREQUENCY GENERATION CIRCUIT



When the power is supply to the electronic circuit, noise signal with a small value will exist at various frequencies. These signals are raised and drive to the feedback network, which consisting of 'frequency generation circuit' (resonant circuit). But in this situation, only the signal with the same frequency as the resonance frequency will be fed to the input.

Generally, the frequency generation circuit of the oscillator in consumer products is divided into two:

Oscillator that generating audio frequency: RC oscillator (Resistance-Capacitor) which can produce medium and low frequency signals. Examples of types of RC oscillator are the phase shift oscillator and Wein bridge oscillator. Oscillator that generates radio frequency: LC oscillator (InductorCapacitor). It is also known as tank circuits. It is used to produce high frequency signals (> 1MHz), and produces a stable frequency. Examples of the type LC oscillator are Armstrong Oscillator, Colpitts, Hartley and crystals

Types of oscillator

RC oscillator Phase shift oscillator Wein bridge oscillator

LC oscillator Armstrong oscillator Colpitts oscillator Hartley oscillator Crystal oscillator

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
.

Figure 2.9 : Simple hartley oscillator circuit

  

Hartley oscillator is inductively coupled ; variable frequency oscillators where the oscillator may be series or shunt fed. Hartley oscillators have the advantage of having one centre tapped inductor and one tuning capacitor. This arrangement simplifies the construction of a Hartley oscillator circuit.

By refering to figure 2.10. Transistors and resistors R1, R2, R3 and R4 are a combination of amplifier circuits . Capacitors C3 and C4 are used to intercept signals shuttle to earth. Amplifier will provide different phase of the output signal 180 degree LC circuit in the feedback loop will produce a phase shift of 180 degree. So the feedback voltage will be in phase with the input voltage on the transistor.

Figure 2.10 : Hartley oscillator circuit

oscillation frequency


Formulas for the resonance frequency of the circuit are:

fr ! 1 2T CL
T

Since the capacitor in the tank circuit is connected in series, then:

LT ! L1  L2


Oscillation occurs when the feedback factor (F ) is given; Vf L1 F ! ! Vout L2 And conditions for the oscillation occurs is | A F | = 1
AV
!

L2 L1

Therefore, to ensure oscillation start his own:

"

C C

1 2

Advantages of Hartley Oscillators The frequency is simply varied by the net value of C in the tank circuit. The output amplitude remains constant when tuned over the frequency range. The feedback ratio of L1 to L2 (figure 1) remains constant.

Disadvantages of Hartley Oscillators The output is rich in harmonic content and therefore not suitable where a pure sine wave is required.

COLPITS OSCILLATOR
Circuit connection

Figure 2.11 : Colpits oscillator circuit

Operation of the circuit Just look at the figure 2.11. Transistors and resistors R1, R2, R3 and R4 are a combination of amplifier circuits. Capacitors C3 and C4 are used to intercept signals shuttle to earth. Amplifier will provide different phase of the output signal 180 degree. LC circuit in the feedback loop will produce a phase shift of 180 degree. So the feedback voltage will be in phase with the input voltage on the transistor.

Oscillation Frequency :

Oscillation frequency of the tank circuit L1, C1 and C2 are as follows:

f ! 1 2T LCT

Since the connections C1 and C2 in the tank circuit are in series, then:

CT !


C1.C2 C1  C2

Oscillation will occur when the feedback factor (F ) is given

F!

Vf Vout

X C1 C2 ! ! X C 2 C1

Continue Oscillation Frequency :

To turn off the oscillator that happens, |AF| should be equal to 1. So the voltage gain of the amplifier must be:

C1 A ! V C2


To ensure oscillation start his own:

C1 A " V C2

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

Figure 2.12 : Symbol Figure 2.13: Equivalent Electrical Circuit

 

The most stable and precisely oscillator is the oscillator that using a piezoelectric crystal in a feedback circuit. When a.c voltage is applied to the crystal shuttle, the mechanical vibrations will occur and these vibrations have a natural resonant frequencies that depend on the thickness of the crystal. To obtain a high frequency crystal to be thinner.

Figure 2.14: Crystal Oscillator Circuit



The electrical characteristic of crystals can be expressed with resonant circuit in Figure 2.12 & Figure 2.13: Inductance , LH represents the mass of the crystal. Capacitance, Cb represents the elasticity of the crystals. Resistance, Rh represents the friction in the crystal structure. Capacitor, Cm represents the capacitance of containers loaded crystal.

Oscillation Frequency :
z

Parallel resonance
Series resonance f f1 f2

Figure 2.15: Resonant Frequencies Crystal Oscillator

For crystal oscillator, It has two resonant frequencies.

The first frequency generated by the series circuit Rh-LH-Ch.

1 f1 ! 2T LhCh
The second occurs when the frequency of series components same with Cm

1 f2 ! 2 LC T m

Cm.Ch C! Cm Ch

AMSTRONG OSCILLATOR
Circuit connection

Figure 2.16: Amstrong Oscillator Circuit

Operation of the circuit

 

  

Resistors R1, R2 and R3 are intended to provide bias voltage to the transistor. Capacitors C1 and C2 are used to forestall shuttle signals. Do you remember the connection configuration in the Common Emitter amplifier. This configuration will provide different phase of the output signal 180o. Therefore the transformer Tr is selected so as to produce a phase shift of 180o to get a feedback voltage in phase with the input transistors. Usually the ratio between the coil windings L1 to L2 coils arranged so that the product of the gain, A, the feedback factor, F , is a (|AF| = 1).

Oscillation frequency: Oscillation frequency is determined by the circuit L2.C2 given by:

1 f! T 2 2 L2C

PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR (RC)

Circuit Connection

Phase shift oscillator consists of amplifier and feedback network with three RC circuits

Circuit Operation: The output signal from the amplifier have a different phase with the input signal about 180 degree. To generate a positive feedback signal, the output signal should be phase shifted by 180 degree to make it in phase with the input. RC network produces a phase shift of 180 degree which each RC network will shift phase by 90 degree. Frequency of Oscillation:

1 f ! 2TRC 6