Lifes and works of great propagandists

Marcelo H. del Pilar

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Jose Rizal

Jose Maria Panganiban

Dominador Gomez

Antonio Luna

Juan Luna

Mariano Ponce

Pedro Paterno

Felix Hidalgo

Marcelo Hilario del Pilar

popularly known as
Plaridel

leading propagandist for reforms in the Philippines editor and co publisher of

La Solidaridad

 born August 30, 1850 in Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan to Julian del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaytan y He started school in the College of Mr. Jose Flores. He transferred to the College of San Jose in Manila. He finished law in 1880 He later married his cousin Marciana del Pilar in 1878. They had seven children. Plaridel established the Diariong Tagalog in 1882 to publish observations and criticisms on how the Spanish government in the

Works of Plaridel

(Monastic Sovereignty in the Philippines) was among the first pamphlets he wrote in Spain. The others included:
La Soberana Monacal en Filipinas

(Prayerbook and Teasing Game), Pasing Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Tauong Babasa (Passion That Should Inflame the Heart of the Reader), Cadacilaan ng Dios (God's Goodness), Sagot ng Espaa sa Hibic ng Pilipinas (Spain's Reply to the Complains of Filipinos), Dudas (Doubts), La Frailocracia Filipina (Frailocracy in the Philippines), and
Dasalan atTocsohan

(Be Careful) - del Pilars defense of Rizal against a friar pamphlet entitled Caiigat Cay denouncing the Noli Me Tangere
Caiingat Cayo

 He succeeded Graciano Lopez Jaena as the editor of the newspaper La Solidaridad on December 15, 1889 The newspaper busied itself with the moderated goals of the representative of the Philippines in the Spanish parliament. It entered for the legal comparison of Spaniards and Filipinos and the lifting of the Polo (community service) and the Bandala (the compulsion sale of local products at the government). The newspaper demanded moreover a guarantee of the basic rights of speech freedom and society freedom as well as same for Filipinos and Spaniards, who wanted to

 After years of publication from 1889 to 1895, La Solidaridad had begun to run out of funds. Its last issue appeared on November 15, 1895. He himself was by then a much emaciated man, suffering from malnutrition and overwork. Having very little money to spend in a faraway country, he often missed his meals and smoked discarded cigarette butts to keep himself warm and to forget his hunger. Before he died of tuberculosis caused by hunger and enormous privation, del Pilar

 Before he died of tuberculosis caused by hunger and enormous privation, del Pilar rejected the assimilationist stand and began planning an armed revolt He vigorously affirmed this conviction: "Insurrection is the last remedy, especially when the people have acquired the belief that peaceful means to secure the remedies for evils prove futile." This idea inspired Andres
Bonifacio's Katipunan

Months before the revolution, del Pilar circulated in Manila and neighboring provinces his political works entitled La Patria and Ministerio de la Republica Filipina in preparation for his return to personally lead a revolution, but on July 4, 1896, he died of tuberculosis in Barcelona

Graciano Lopez Jaena popularly known as

Diego Laura

one of the leading propagandist in Spain, for reforms in the Philippines leading orator of the Propaganda movement born December 29, 1856

 His parents sent Lpez Jaena to the Davao in Jaro which had been opened under the administration of Governor General Carlos Mara de la Torre. While studying at a seminary institution, Lpez Jaena served as a secretary to an uncle named Claudio Lpez who was the honorary vice consul of Portugal in Iloilo. His ambition of becoming a physician, convinced his parents that this was the better course of action. Lpez Jaena sought enrollment at the University of Santo Tomas but was denied admission because the required Bachelor of Arts degree was not offered at the seminary in Jaro. However he was appointed to the San Juan de Dios Hospital as an apprentice. Unfortunately, due to financial problems, his parents could not afford to keep him in Manila. He returned to Iloilo and practiced medicine in communities

 During this period, his visits with the poor and the common people began to stir feelings about the injustices that were common. At the age of 18 he wrote the satirical story "Fray Botod" which depicted a fat and lecherous priest
Botods false piety "always had the Virgin and God on his lips no matter how unjust and underhanded his acts are."

This naturally incurred the fury of the friars who knew that the story depicted them. Although it was not published a copy circulated in the region but the Friars could not prove that Lpez Jaena was the author. However he got into trouble for refusing to testify that certain prisoners died of natural causes when it was obvious that they had died at the hands of the mayor of Pototan. Lpez Jaena continued to agitate for justice and finally went to Spain when threats were made on his life Lpez Jaena sailed for Spain in 1879. There he was to become a leading literary and oratorical spokesman for the Philippine reformal issues

 Lpez Jaena pursued his medical studies at the University of Valencia but did not finish the course. He then moved to the field of journalism. Losing interest in politics and academic life, he soon enjoyed his life in Barcelona and Madrid. he is remembered for his literary contributions to the propaganda movement. Lpez Jaena founded the fortnightly newspaper, La Solidaridad died of tuberculosis on January 20, 1896, eleven months

 Popularly known as Dimas Alang, Laong Laan Philippine National Hero author of Noli Me Tangere and La Solidaridad born June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna Seventh child of Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro, and Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos

Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

Family
Jose Rizal's parents, Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro (1818 1898) and Teodora Morales Alonso Realonda y Quintos (18261911),[ were prosperous farmers who were granted lease of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans Siblings: Saturnina (Neneng) Jos Protasio Paciano Concepcin (Concha) Narcisa (Sisa) Josefa (Panggoy) Olympia (Ypia) Trinidad and Lucia Soledad (Choleng) Mara (Biang)

 In 1849, issued a Decree by which native Filipino and immigrant families were to adopt Spanish surnames from a list of Spanish family names. Although the Chino Mestizos were allowed to hold on to their Chinese surnames, Lam-co changed his surname to the Spanish " " (market) possibly to indicate their Chinese merchant roots Jos's father Francisco adopted the surname " " (originally Ricial, the green of young growth or green fields), which was suggested to him by a
Governor-General of the Philippines Narciso Claveria Mercado Rizal

Education
Rizal first studied under the tutelage of Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Bian, Laguna. He was sent to Manila and enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. He graduated as one of the nine students in his class declared sobresaliente or outstanding. He continued his education at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's degree, and at the same time at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters where he studied Philosophy and Letters.

 Upon learning that his mother was going blind, he decided to study medicine specializing in ophthalmology at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery but did not complete the program, claiming discrimination by the Spanish Dominican friars against the native students. Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his brother Paciano, he traveled alone to Europe:Madrid in May 1882 and studied medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid where he earned the degree, Licentiate in Medicine. His education continued at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg where he earned a second

 At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned professor, Otto Becker. There he used the newly invented ophthalmoscope to later operate on his own mother's eye

Jos Rizal was a very prolific author from a young age. Among his earliest writings are El Consejo de los Dioses -The Council of the Gods A la juventud filipina - To The Philippine Youth / To the Filipino Youth or Sa Kabataang Pilipino Canto del viajero - the song of the Traveller Canto de Mara Clara - Song of Maria Clara Me piden versos They asked me for verses Por la educacin - Education Gives Luster to the Motherland Junto al Pasig - beside the pasig

Rizals Writings

The content of Rizal's writings changed considerably in his two most famous novels, Noli me Tangere the social cancer and El Filibusterismo. the Filibuster As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, he contributed essays, allegories, poems, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona The core of his writings centers on liberal and progressive ideas of individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people.

He shared the same sentiments with members of the movement: that the Philippines is battling, in Rizal's own words, "a double-faced Goliath"-corrupt friars and bad government. His commentaries reiterate the following agenda:
That the Philippines be a province of Spain Representation in the Cortes

Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars parishes and remote sitios Freedom of assembly and speech

--- Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans--in

Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)

 Rizal organized La Liga Filipina, a secret organization, on July 3 1892. It aimed to change the way the government was run in a peaceful way.

In July 7, 1892, less than a week after the La Liga was organized, Captain General Despujol ordered Rizal's exile to Dapitan, on suspicion of his involvement in rebellion. In Dapitan, he opened a school with fourteen(14) pupils. While imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he issued a manifesto disavowing the revolution and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom; he was to be tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy. Rizal was convicted on all three charges and sentenced to death He was secretly buried in Pac Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave. His sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with guards posted at the gate. Assuming this could be the most likely spot, there never having any ground burials, she made a gift to the caretaker to mark the site "RPJ", Rizal's initials in reverse. died December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan (now Luneta); execution by musketry

Exile and Last Days of Rizal

Jose Ma. Panganiban y Enverga Popularly known as " " and

Jomapa

"J.M.P. was a propagandist whose life was tragically cut short, an event that caused great mourning in the Filipino community in Madrid

Early Life
Jose Ma. Panganiban was born on 1 February 1863 in Mambulao, Camarines Norte, a town which was subsequently renamed after him. His parents were Vicente Panganiban, originally from Hagonoy, Bulacan, and Juana Enverga. He was schooled at home by his mother, a native of Mauban, Quezon, who taught him the "cartilla", "caton", and catechism When his mother died, Jose Ma. Panganiban was sent to the capital town Daet to study. He was enrolled by his father in the diocesan seminary of Nueva Caceres, now Naga ,Camarines Sur excelling and completing his philosophy course in 1882. He was sent to Manila to study at Colegio de San Juan de Letran and obtained a bachelors degree with the financial help of the clerical rector of the seminary, Fr.

 Panganiban later studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas. He was sent to Manila to study at Colegio de San Juan de Letran and obtained a bachelors degree with the financial help of the clerical rector of the seminary, Fr. Santoja. Panganiban later studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas. While at the University in 1887, he wrote Anatomia de Regines which was recognized as one of his brilliant literary works.
His papers on general pathologgy, therapeutics and surgical anatomy was also awarded prizes.

 In May 1888 the University of Barcelona, Spain, where he met other Filipino propagandists agitating for reforms in the colony. He joined reformist groups such as the Asociacion HispanoFilipina and La Solidaridad because he believed in instituting reforms in the Philippines, and used the pen names "Jomapa" and "J.M.P." On 25 April 1889 Panganiban signed a petition addressed to the Spanish Minister of Colonies, requesting Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes. Being one of the writers of the La Solidaridad, he called the attention of the Spaniards on the freedom of the press and criticized the educational system in the Philippines. He died of a pulmunary ailment in Barcelona on 19 August 1890 at his boarding house at Rambla de Canaletas 2

Activities for the Propaganda Movement Jose Ma. Panganiban continued his studies at

Works of Panganiban "El Pensamiento", "Noches en

"La Universidad de Manila: Su Plan de Estudio", and "Los Nuevos Ayuntamientos de Filipinas". He continued to write popems and Mambulao", "Sa Aking buhay", "Bahia de Mambulao", "La Mejerde Oro", "Amor mio", "Clarita Perez" and

Dominad or as Gomez Popularly known

Ramiro Franco

(1868 - 1929) was a physician, propagandist, labor leader and legislator. He succeeded Isabelo De Los Reyes as the Union Obrera Democratica (UOD) leader

Early years
Gomez studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas but finished his degree in Madrid, Spain. He joined the group of young and patriotic middle-class Filipinos of intelligence, courage, and prominence led by Dr. Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar, the same group who organized the Propaganda Movement to work in Spain for political and social reforms in thePhilippines. Under the pseudonym Ramiro Franco, he supported the movement through his contributions for the official publication of the organization, La Solidaridad, which he also helped finance from 1889 to 1895.

Labor activist
As the new president of the newly reorganized Union Obrero Democratica de Filipinas, the first labor union in the Philippines, Dominador Gomez encouraged the establishment of cooperatives and medical and legal services for union members. Gomez took over and changed the name of UOD into Union Obrero Democratica de Filipinas (UODF). On May 1, 1903, he led a mass rally of about 100,000 workers who marched from Plaza Moriones in Tondo to Malacaang in protest against the American regime's policy for suppression and calling for political independence, shouting Down with U.S. Imperialism!

 In 1913, the Philippine Legislature officially declared this date as Labor Day. As a consequence of the protest, Gomez was arrested for illegal association and sedition and was tried and sentenced to one year hard labor. Later, he considered himself vindicated with his election as a delegate to the first Philippine Assembly in 1907. Together with Pedro A. Paterno and Pascual H. Poblete, they organized the Nacionalista Party in 1900 and again in 1901, driven by the group's intention to gain outright autonomy for the Philippines. In later years, he joined the Federo-Tercerista group, also known as the Democratic Progresistas, in the opposition to the powerful Nacionalistas.

Political In 1916, involvement Gomez became

president of the municipal board of Manila

to which he had earlier been elected a member. His first official act was to call the attention of his colleagues to their responsibilities to their constituents. While the Philippines was still a colony of Spain, Gomez served as a volunteer in the Spanish army in the war in Cuba, and was decorated by Queen Maria Cristina

Antonio Luna y Popularly known as Novicio as a Filipino pharmacist, chemist,

taga-ilog

and Filipino-American War general known as General Article One He founded the Philippines's first military academy

Family background
Antonio Luna was born on October 29 1866 in Urbiztondo, Binondo, Manila. He was the youngest of seven siblings of Joaquin Luna and Laureana Novicio, both from wealthy families of Badoc, Ilocos Norte. His older brother, Juan Luna, was an accomplished, prize-winning painter who studied in the Madrid Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando.

Education His early schooling was at the

Manila

Ateneo Municipal de

, where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1881. He went on to study literature and chemistry at the University of Santo Tomas, where he won first prize for a paper in chemistry titled Two Fundamental Bodies of Chemistry. On the invitation of his brother Juan, he continued his studies in Spain, obtaining the degree of Licentiate in Pharmacy from the University of Barcelona.He pursued further studies and in 1890 obtained the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy from the Universidad Central de Madrid.

Reform Propagandist
In Spain, he contributed to the La Solidaridad periodical, published by the reformist movement of the elite Filipino students in Spain. He wrote a piece titled Impressions which dealt with Spanish customs and idiosyncrasies under the penname "Taga-ilog". He was active as researcher in the scientific community in Spain, and wrote a scientific treatise on malaria titled El Hematozoario del Paludismo (Malaria), which was favorably received in the scientific community. He then went to Belgium and France, and worked as assistant to Dr. Latteaux and Dr. Laffen. In recognition of his ability, he was appointed commissioner by the Spanish government to study tropical and communicable diseases.

 In 1894, he went back to the Philippines and worked in the civil service as a chemist. Like Jos Rizal and other leaders, he was in favor of reforms rather than independence as goal to be attained. Because of his participation in the reform movement, he was charged with illegal association and was deported to Spain in 1897, where he was imprisoned at the Carcel Modelo in Madrid. On his release, he went to Belgium and studied military tactics and strategy under

Philippine-American warofand death At the outbreak the Philippine-American

War, he was appointed by General Emilio Aguinaldo as Chief of War Operations on September 26 1898 and assigned the rank of brigadier general. He saw the need for a military school, so that he established a military academy at Malolos and recruited former officers of the 1896 revolution for training. He proved to be a strict disciplinarian and thereby alienated many in the ranks of the soldiers He fought gallantly at battles in Bulacan, Pampanga, and

 In the battle at Caloocan, the Kawit Battalion from Cavite refused to attack when given the order. Because of this, he disarmed them and relieved them of duties. On June 2, 1899 he received a telegram from Aguinaldo, ordering him to proceed to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija for a conference the next day. When he arrived at the Cabanatuan Catholic Church convent on June 5, the designated venue, Aguinaldo was not there. As he was about to depart, he was treacherously shot, then stabbed to death by Aguinaldo's men at the stairs of the convent. He was hurriedly buried in the churchyard, after which Aguinaldo relieved Luna's officers and men from the field.
He died on June 5 1899

 (b. was one of the great heroes of the Philippine Revolution and one of the first internationally-recognized Philippine painters. A native of Badoc, Ilocos Norte, Juan Luna was the third among the seven children of Joaquin Luna de San Pedro y Posada and Laureana Novicio y Ancheta. Both parents were from families that were well-off, thus each brought to the family a
October 23, 1857 December 7, 1899

Juan Luna Y Novicio d. )

Personal background
In 1861, the Luna family left the north for Manila, believing that in this progressive city their children would receive a good education. Juan Luna was sent to Ateneo Municipal de Manila where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree (equivalent to the present-day high school diploma). His parents seemed to have envisioned him entering an ecclesiastical career; however, Juan had shown early interest in painting and drawing, influenced by his brother, Manuel, who, according to Jose

 Luna later enrolled at Escuela Nautica (Academia Naval) and became a sailor. With Manuel, he sailed the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean and saw the picturesque views and scenic places in Hongkong, Amoy, Singapore, Batavia, and Colombo. Nevertheless, Luna's passion for the arts continued. Whenever he was anchored in Manila Bay, he took drawing lessons under the illustrious painting teacher of Ermita, Manila, Lorenzo Guerrero. He also enrolled in the Academy of Fine Arts (Academia de Dibujo y Pintura) in Manila where he was influenced and taught how to draw by the Spanish artist Agustin Saez. Unfortunately, Luna's vigorous brush strokes displeased the maestro, and this probably was the reason why Luna was discharged from the Academia. However, Guerrero was impressed by his skill and urged Luna's parents to send him to Spain for further

Pedro A. Paterno
was a Filipino politician, as well as a poet and novelist His intervention on behalf of the Spanish led to the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on December 14, 1897, an account of which he published in 1910. his other works include the first novel written by a native Filipino, Ninay (1885), and the first Filipino collection of poems in Spanish, Sampaguitas y poesas (Jasmines

 He served as prime minister of the first Philippine republic in the middle of 1899, and served as head of the country's assembly, and thecabinet. With the Philippine-American War after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1898, he was among the most prominent Filipinos who joined the American side and advocated the incorporation of the Philippines into the United States. He died of cholera on March 11, 1911. His literary work was not appreciated until several decades after his death.

 Paterno was one of the greatest "balimbing" [turncoats] in history (perhaps he was the original balimbing in Philippine political history). He was first on the Spanish side, then when the declaration of independence was made in 1898, he wormed his way to power and became president of the Malolos Congress in 1899, then sensing the change in political winds after the establishment of the American colonial government, he became a member of the First Philippine Assembly.

Flix Resurreccin Hidalgo y Padilla

He is acknowledged as one of the great Filipino painters of the late 19th century, and is significant in Philippine history for having been an acquaintance and inspiration for members of the Philippine reform movement in Binondo Manila on February 21, 1855 was awarded second place in the contest for best cover design for the de luxe edition of Fr. Manuel Blanco'sFlora de Filipinas ("Plants of the Philippines").

 Hidalgo received a gold medal for his overall participation at the Universal Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri in 1904. Resurreccin Hidalgo died at Sarri, Barcelona where he went to recuperate from failing health. His remains were brought to Manila, where it now lies entombed in the family mausoleum at the Cementerio del Norte.

Mariano Ponce
Popularly known as Tikbalang, naning, and kalipulako was a Filipino physician, writer, and active member of the Propaganda Movement. In Spain, he was among the founders of La Solidaridad and Asociacion Hispano-Filipino. Among his significant works was Efemerides Filipinas, a column on historical events in the Philippines which appeared in La Oceania Espaola (18921893) and El Ideal (1911 1912). born in Baliwag, Bulacan

 he joined Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano Lpez Jaena and Jos Rizal in the Propaganda Movement which espoused Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes and reforms in the Spanish colonial authorities of the Philippines. He wrote in the propaganda publication La Solidaridad(The Solidarity). In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo chose him to represent the First Philippine Republic.

 he died in the Civil Hospital in Hong Kong, on May 23, 1918. His remains are now in the Cementerio del Norte, Manila.

Literatures of the Propaganda Movement

 In the early phases of the reform movement, various means were employed by the propagandists to air the Filipino demands and grievances They used the press and wrote books and articles in pamphlets and leaflets

Marcelo H. del Pilar

Founded Diariong Tagalog in 1882
Was shortlived due to the strict censorship imposed by the Spaniard, he kept alive the propaganda campaign by writing articles on the deplorable state of the Filipinos in the hands of the Spanish authorities

Works of Plaridel

(Monastic Sovereignty in the Philippines) was among the first pamphlets he wrote in Spain. The others included:
La Soberana Monacal en Filipinas

(Prayerbook and Teasing Game), Pasing Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Tauong Babasa (Passion That Should Inflame the Heart of the Reader), Cadacilaan ng Dios (God's Goodness), Sagot ng Espaa sa Hibic ng Pilipinas (Spain's Reply to the Complains of Filipinos), Dudas (Doubts), La Frailocracia Filipina (Frailocracy in the Philippines), and
Dasalan atTocsohan

(Be Careful) - del Pilars defense of Rizal against a friar pamphlet entitled Caiigat Cay denouncing the Noli Me Tangere
Caiingat Cayo

Graciano Lopez Fray Botod Jaenas Works

Esperanza La Hija del Fraile In his self-exile in Spain, Jaena collected his speeches and articles and published then in book form under the title : Discursos y Artificulos Varios

Jos Rizal was a very prolific author from a young age. Among his earliest writings are El Consejo de los Dioses -The Council of the Gods A la juventud filipina - To The Philippine Youth / To the Filipino Youth or Sa Kabataang Pilipino Canto del viajero - the song of the Traveller Canto de Mara Clara - Song of Maria Clara Me piden versos They asked me for verses Por la educacin - Education Gives Luster to the Motherland Junto al Pasig - beside the pasig

Rizals Writings

The content of Rizal's writings changed considerably in his two most famous novels, Noli me Tangere the social cancer and El Filibusterismo. the Filibuster my last farewell As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, he contributed essays, allegories, poems, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona The core of his writings centers on liberal and progressive ideas of individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people.
Mi Ultimo Adios -

Reformist Civic Societies

Asociacion The propaganda Movement won Hispano -Filipino

sympathizers from the Spanish sector who favored the granting of reforms in the Philippines Pooling their resources and efforts together to have their voices heard by the Peninsular Government The Filipino patriots and Spanish sympathizers formed the Asociacion Hispano-Filipino

 The society succeeded in encouraging the Cortes to pass laws beneficial to the Filipinos Unfortunately, these laws were never carried out in the Philippines

Masonry
Masonic Lodge- another civic society formed by the propagandists in Spain Many Filipino propagandists turned masons, including Dr. Rizal and M.H. del Pilar because they needed the help of the masons in Spain and in other

 The first Masonic lodge was established in the Philippines as early as 1856. It was composed of Spaniards and other foreigners woth only a handful of Fikipinos admitted into membership. The lodge Revolucion was the first Filipino masonic lodge founded by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona on April

 M.H.del Pilar, with the help of Julio Llorente, organized Lodge Solidaridad in Madrid, with the latter as the first worshipful master. Lodge Nilad was founed on January 6,1892. They wanted a dignified, free and properous country with a democratic regime and a genuine

 The first woman to be admitted was Rosario Villaruel, who was initiated a member of the Lodge Walana on July 18, 1893. Other females members were Trinidad Rizal, Romualda Lanuza,Josefa Rizal, Marina Dizon, Sixta Fajardo, Valeriana Legazpi and Purificacion Leyva.

La Liga Filipina
The La Liga Filipina was born a few days earlier than the Katinpunan. Upon the second return of Jose Rizal to the Philipines, he had in mind the establishment of a cvic society to promote the welfare of the Filipinos.

 Membership to this civic society was open to all irrespective of social and economic status. When Rizal was arrested, the society languished but was revived by the remaining leaders. The poor members led by Andres Bonifacio had given up hope to a peaceful means. The La Liga members broke up with each group forming their own

 It was from the split that the Katipunan emerged with Andres Bonifacio as founder and head.