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MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

ECE 138

Microwave Communication :
Microwaves
An electromagnetic wave with frequencies that ranges from approximately 500 MHz to 300 GHz or more. And its wavelengths fall between 1cm and 60 cm.

Wavelength
The distance between repeating units of a propagating wave of a given frequency. Designated by lambda ( ).
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Microwave Communication :

Microwave Communication :
Categories of Microwave Systems:
A. Short haul used to carry information for relatively short distances, i.e. between cities within the same state.

Microwave Communication :
Categories of Microwave Systems:
A. Long haul used to carry information for relatively long distances, such as interstate.

Microwave Communication :
Advantages of Microwave Radio:
1. Radio systems do not require a right-of-way acquisition between stations. 2. Each station requires the purchase or lease of only a small area of land. 3. Because of their high operating frequencies, microwave radio systems can carry large quantities of information.
4. Short wavelengths, require relatively small antennas. 5. Radio signals are more easily propagated around physical obstacles, such as high mountains
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Microwave Communication :
Disadvantages of Microwave Radio:
1. It is more difficult to analyze and design circuits at microwave frequencies. 2. Measuring techniques are more difficult to perfect and implement at microwave frequencies. 3. It is difficult to implement conventional circuit components at microwave frequencies. 4.Transient time is more critical at microwave frequencies. 5. Microwave frequencies propagate in a straight line, which limits their use to line-of-sight applications.
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Microwave Communication :
Applications of Microwave:
1.Telephone communications. 2. Radar 3. Space Communications 4. Heating

Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
A. Free Space Path Loss, LFS

It is the loss that would be obtained between two isotropic antennas in free space, where there are no ground influences or obstructions. It is defined as a loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it propagates in a straight line through a vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy from nearby objects.

Microwave Communication :
4Td FSL ! P
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Note: signal strength is 1/ distance; & antenna gain aperture.

FSL ! 32.4  20 log10 f ( MHz )  20 log10 d ( km )

FSL ! 92.4  20 log10 f (GHz )  20 log10 d ( km ) FSL ! 36.6  20 log 10 f ( MHz )  20 log10 d ( mi ) L!9 .  l fG
z

mi

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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
B. Parabolic Antenna Gain, G
General Equation:

TD G ! L P

where: D = antenna diameter in m = signal wavelength in m = efficiency

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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
Antenna Gain for Typical Values of (0.55 to 0.75):
2

D G ! 6 P

Parabolic Antenna Gain for Typical Values of Metric system:

(0.55 to 0.75) in

G ! 4 .4  0 log10 f ( MHz )  0 log10 D( m )

G ! 17.8  0 log10 f (GHz )  0 log10

( m)

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Microwave Communication : Microwave Parameters:


Parabolic Antenna Gain for Typical Values of (0.55 to 0.75) in English system:

G ! 52.6  20 log 10 f ( MHz )  20 log10 D( ft )

G ! 7.5  20 log 10 f (GHz )  20 log10 D( ft )

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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
C. Fade Margin, FM It is an attenuation allowance so that anticipated fading will still keep the signal above specified minimum RF input. It considers the nonideal and less predictable characteristics of a radio wave propagation such as multipath propagation and terrain sensitivity.

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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
Fade Margin in Metric system:

FM ! 130  30 log

10

( km )

 10 log

10

(6abf

( MHz )

)  10 log

10

(1  R)

FM ! 70  30 log

10

(k )

 10 log

10

(6abf

(GHz )

)  10 log

10

(1  R)

Fade Margin in English system:

FM ! 123.8  30 log
FM ! 63.8  30 log

10

d
d

( mi )

 10 log
 10 log

10

(6abf
(6abf

( MHz )

)  10 log

10

(1  R)

10

( mi)

10

(GHz)

)  10 log

10

(1  R )

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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
where: R = propagation reliability

Values for a 4.0 1.0 0.25

Description for very smooth terrain, over water, flat desert for average terrain with some roughness for mountainous, very rough, or very dry terrain
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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters: Values for b 0.50 0.25 0.125 Description for hot, humid coastal areas for normal, interior temperate or sub-arctic area for mountainous, very dry but non-reflective areas

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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
D. System Reliability Estimates D.1. Propagation Reliability for Non-diversity Systems:

R !  Undp 100% 1 x
where: Undp = the path unavailability or fade probability
1.5 3

Undp ! abf

d (1.25 x10

6

) x10

 FM / 10

where: d = path length in mi f = frequency in GHz FM = fade margin in dB


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Microwave Communication :
Diversity

It suggests that there is more than one transmission path or method of transmission available bet. a transmitter and a receiver. Its purpose is to increase the reliability of the system by increasing its availability
Frequency diversity

It simply modulates two different RF carrier frequencies with the same information. At the destination, both are demodulated but the one yields the better quality is selected.
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Microwave Communication :

Diversity
Space diversity

The output of a transmitter is fed to two or more antennas that are physically separated by an appreciable number of wavelengths.

Receiver diversity

It is using more than one receiver for a single RF channel.

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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
D. System Reliability Estimates D.2. Propagation Reliability for Diversity Systems:

R ! (1 

iv

) x100%
U div ! U ndp I div
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where: Udiv = the path unavailability or fade probability

where: Idiv = the diversity improvement factor

Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
D. System Reliability Estimates D.3. Equipment Reliability:

R ! (1  U ) x100%
where: U = unavailability or probability of outage

MTTR U ! MTBF
where: MTTR = mean time to repair MTBF = mean time before failure
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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
E. Received Signal Level, RSL

It is the difference from the nominal transmitter output, antenna transmit and receive gain, from that of the fixed losses of transmit and receive side and its path loss.

RSL ! Po(dBm)  L G L G L TX T FS R RX
where: LTX and LRX = transmitter and receiver total insertion losses in dB GT and GR = transmit and receive antenna gains in dB
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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
where: LFS = Free Space Loss in dB Po(dBm) = Transmitter Output Power in dBm
RSL = FM + Threshold (receiver)

where: FM = Fade Margin in dB Threshold (receiver) = receiver minimum RF input in dBm; Cmin

C C min !  N ; N

N ! KTB
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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
F. System Gain, Gs (dB)

It is the difference between the nominal output power of a transmitter and the minimum rf input power to a receiver.

S ( dB ) ! P ( dBm )  min .RF o

input ( dBm)

o ( dBm )

 mi . RF i

(dBm)

u losses  gains

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Microwave Communication :
Microwave Parameters:
G u FM L

s ( dB )

dB

FS ( dB )  L f ( dB )  Lb ( dB )  GT ( dB )  G R ( dB )

where: Lf(dB) = transmission line loss bet. the distribution network and its respective antenna (dB) Lb(dB) = total coupling or branching loss in the distribution network bet. the output of a transmitter or receiver and the transmission line (dB)

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Microwave Communication :
G. Fresnel Zone and Fresnel Radius Fresnel zone the area where the interference is constructive.

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Microwave Communication :
G. Fresnel Zone and Fresnel Radius
If a reflected signal is bounced within an odd-numbered Fresnel zone, it would arrive at the receiver in phase addition with the direct signal.

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Microwave Communication :
Fresnel zones are a series of concentric ellipsoids that surround the path from the transmitter to the receiver.
Fresnel zone radius, (F1) in Metric System:

F1( m) ! 547.1

d1( km) d 2(km) f ( MHz) D( km)

F1(m) !17.3

d1(km) d 2( km) f ( MHz ) D( km)


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Microwave Communication :
Fresnel zone radius, (F1) in English System: d1( mi) d 2(mi ) f ( MHz) D( mi)

F1( ft ) ! 2280

F1( ft ) ! 72.1

d1(mi ) d 2(mi ) f (GHz ) D( mi)

nth Fresnel zone radius (Fn): Fresnel zone clearance (Fc) - it takes into account the unusual conditions that occur in the atmosphere.

Fn ! F1 n

Fc ! 0.6 F1
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Microwave Communication :
H. Passive Repeater Gain of a Passive Repeater

4TA cosE G p( dB ) ! 20 log 2 P


where:A = the actual area of the passive repeater in (ft2 ) = wavelength = c/f in (ft) = alpha, the angle bet. the incident wave and the reflected wave in ()

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Microwave Communication :
I. Net Path Loss, NPL: It is the total loss of the system.

NPL

( dB ) ! GT

 LFS1  G p  LFS 2  GR

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End.

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