CHS220804 MEKANIKAFLUIDA (S1 Reguler) CHS220803E MEKANIKAFLUIDA (S1 Ekstensi) Departemen Teknik Kimia FT-UI Pengajar : Ir.

SUKIRNO M.Eng/Ir. Diyan S M.Eng

Periode 2009-2010

Lectures : Senin 19:00-21:30 K-204 Selasa 10:00-12:30 K-106 Kamis 10:00-12:30 K-210

Sbl Mid Test Pak Sukirno Stl Mid Test Pak Diyan S

Tutorials : Asisten

Assessment
Nilai = Nilai P.Kirno x 50% + Nilai P.Diyan x 50%

Pak Kirno 50% 25% : MidTest (2 jam) 10% : Kuis selama kelas/tutorial 15% : Tugas

Books

Noel de Nevers Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineer, Second Ed. Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering, Vol 1, 5e (1996) Butterworth-Heinemann

GARIS BESAR KULIAH

Mengenal aplikasi Mekanika Fluida, Fluida dan propertiesnya

PENDAHULUAN
FLUIDA STATIK

Pressure, Pascals Principle,Gravity and fluid pressure, Measurement of pressure, Archimedes Principle

FLUIDA MENGALIR (FLUID FLOW)

Persamaan dasar: Pers. Kontinuitas (Neraca massa) Pers. Bernoulli (Neraca Energi) dan aplikasiBernoulli pada flowmeter (orificemeter, venturimeter), alat transfer fluida (pompa)

KEHILANGAN FRIKSI (FRICTION LOSS) DALAM PIPA

Faktor friksi, diagram Moody, Perhitungan friksi pada pipa sudden contraction/expansion fitting,

APLIKASI NERACA MOMENTUM UNTUK PERHITUNGAN GAYA PADA PIPA

Neraca momentum, perhitungan gaya pada belokan

ALIRAN GAS KECEPATAN TINGGI, SATU DIMENSI

Kecepatan suara, Aliran stedi fritionless, nozzle choking, aliran dengan friksi dan pemanasan, nozzle-difusser

INTERAKSI FLUIDA DAN PADATAN

Lapisan batas dan Gaya seret (drag force), Friksi fluida dalam media berpori, Pers. Blake-Kozeny, Ergun Darcy, Fluidisasi, Filtrasi,

Fluid Mechanics

Definition

The study of liquids and gasses at rest (statics) and in motion (dynamics)

Engineering applications

Oil /process fluid in pipelines Pumps, filters, rivers, etc Groundwater movement Blood in capillaries

Industrial application

DIAGRAM SISTIM ALIRAN FLUIDA

Storage Pipe system

Valves Flow Measurement

Pump

Process/Resistance

SUBDIVISI MEKANIKA FLUIDA

HYDRAULICS : the flow of water in rivers, pipes, canals, pump, turbines HYDROLOGY : the flow of water in the ground RESERVOIR MECHANICS : the flow of oil, gas and water in petroleum reservoir AERODYNAMICS : the flow of air around aeroplanes, rocket projectils METEOROLOGY : the flow of the atmosfeer PARTICLE DYNAMICS : the flow of fluid around particles (dust settling, slurry, pneumatic transfort, fluidized be, air pollutant particles) MULTIPLEPHASE FLOW oil well, carburetirs, fuel injector, combustion chamber, sprays. COMBINATION OF FLUID FLOW with chemical reaction in combustion chamber, with mass transfer di distillation or drying VISCOUS DOMINATED FLOW; lubrication, injection molding, wire coating, volcanoes, continental drift

MENGENAL SIFAT FLUIDA Fluid Properties

What is a Fluid?
a substance which deforms continuously under the action of shearing forces however small. unable to retain any unsupported shape; it takes up the shape of any enclosing container. ... we assume it behaves as a continuum

Liquids and gasses Whats the difference?

Free Surface

Expands

Liquid

Liquids: Close packed, Gas strong cohesive forces, Gasses: Widely spaced, retains volume, has free weak cohesive forces, surface free to expand
Relatively easy to compress

Almost incompressible

Common Fluids

Liquids:

water, oil, mercury, gasoline, alcohol air, helium, hydrogen, steam jelly, asphalt, lead, toothpaste, paint, pitch

Gasses:

Borderline:

Density
The density of a fluid is defined as its mass per unit volume. It is denoted by the Greek symbol, . kg m3

kgm-3

=m V

wter a a ir

= 998 kgm-3

=1.2kgm-

If the density is constant (most liquids), the flow is incompressible. If the density varies significantly (eg some gas flows), the flow is compressible.
(Although gases are easy to compress, the flow may be treated as incompressible if there are no large pressure fluctuations)

Density

Mass per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 o C, 1 atm)

Water wter a Mercury Hg Air air

= 1000 kg/m3 = 13,500 kg/m3 = 1.22 kg/m3

Density (kg/m3)

Densities of gasses increase with pressure Densities of liquids are nearly constant (incompressible) for constant temperature Specific volume = 1/density

1000 990 980 970 960 950 0 50 100 Temperature (C)

Specific Weight
= g

[ N / m 3 ] or [lbf / ft 3 ]

Weight per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)

wte ar

= (998 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s) [= 62.4 lbf/ft3] = (1.205 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s) [= 0.0752 lbf/ft3]

= 9790 N/m3

a ir

= 11.8 N/m3

Specific Gravity

Ratio of fluid density to density at STP (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)

SGliquid = SG gas =

liquid water gas air

=

liquid
9790 kg / m 3

gas
1.205 kg / m 3

Water Mercury Air

SGwater = 1 SGHg = 13.6 SGair = 1

States of Matter

a fluid, such as water or air, deforms continuously when acted on by shearing stresses of any magnitude. - Munson, Young, Okiishi

Shear Stress Solid Fluid

Fluid Deformation between Parallel Plates

F b
Side view Force F causes the top plate to have velocity U.
What other parameters control how much force is required to get a desired velocity?

Distance between plates (b) Area of plates (A) Viscosity!

F b
Av F = b
F = A

Shear Stress

F v = A b
=
=
v b
dv dy

N Tangential force m2 per unit area

v b

1 s

Rate of deformation

change in velocity with repect to distance

rate of shear

Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity

Area A
Friction force

F v

vb b z

Absolute Viscosity

Kinematic Viscosity
Shear stess (dyne/cm2 ) Shear strain rate (s-1 )

F vb

A b

absolute viscosity density

dyne s/cm 2 cm 2 = = = Stoke dyne - s 2 /cm 4 s

kg [ N] = kg 2 m = m s s kg m3

Dyne-s/cm2=Poise N-s/m2=103 cP

N s 2 m

Fluid classification by response to shear stress

ssds

Fluid Viscosity

Examples of highly viscous fluids

______________________

Fundamental mechanisms

molasses, tar, 20w-50 oil

Gases - transfer of molecular momentum

increases Liquids - cohesion and momentum transfer

Viscosity __________ as temperature increases. Viscosity __________ as pressure increases.

increases Viscosity decreases as temperature increases. Relatively independent of pressure (incompressible) _______

Role of Viscosity

Statics

Fluids at rest have no relative motion between layers of fluid and thus du/dy = 0 Therefore the shear stress is _____ and is zero independent of the fluid viscosity Fluid viscosity is very important when the fluid is moving

Flows

Perfect Gas Law

Note deviation from the text!

PV = nRT

R is the universal gas constant T is in Kelvin

Use absolute pressure for P and absolute temperature for T

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

Relates the change in volume to a change in pressure

Ev =

dp dV V

Ev =

dp d

2.35

Bulk Modulus of elasticity (GPa)

changes in density at high pressure pressure waves

2.30 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.00 0 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (C)

sound _________ ______ __________ water hammer

Water

a=

Ev

speed of sound

Vapor Pressure
8000

Vapor pressure (Pa)

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 10 20 30 40 Temperature (C)

liquid

What is vapor pressure of water at 100C? 101 kPa Connection forward to cavitation!

Pressure increase in a spherical droplet

Surface tension (N/m)

Surface Tension
0.080 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (C)
2 p = R Surface molecules

p R2 2 R p R2 = 2 R

Example: Surface Tension

Estimate the difference in pressure (in Pa) between the inside and outside of a bubble of air in 20C water. The air bubble is 0.3 mm in diameter. 2( 0.073 N/m ) p= 2 = 0.073 N/m 0.15 103 m p= R R = 0.15 x 10-3 m
p =970 Pa p = h

Statics!

9806 N / m What is the difference between pressure in a water droplet and in an

3

h=

974 Pa

= 0.1 m water

Bagaimana mengukur viskositas ?

GLASS CAPILLARY VISCOMETERS ASTM D445

Pr t = 8 LV
4

P = Pressure difference across capiller R = Radius of capiller L = Length od capiller V = Volume fluida = Viscosity

A CALIBRATED HOLE IN THE BOTTOM.

1
V

g (z )Do4 = 128 x Q
=
g (z )Do4 t 128 x V

(Poiseuille Eq.)

= k t
2

=k t

cP = fluid density X cSt

ROTARY VISCOMETER

Example: Measure the viscosity of water

Outer cylinder Inner cylinder

Thin layer of water

The inner cylinder is 10 cm in diameter and rotates at 10 rpm. The fluid layer is 2 mm thick and 10 cm high. The power required to turn the inner cylinder is 50x10-6 watts. What is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid?

Solution Scheme

Restate the goal Identify the given parameters and represent the parameters using symbols Outline your solution including the equations describing the physical constraints and any simplifying assumptions Solve for the unknown symbolically Substitute numerical values with units and do the arithmetic

Check your units! Check the reasonableness of your answer

olutio

Outline the solution

Restate the goal Identify the given parameters and represent the parameters using symbols Outline your solution including the equations describing the physical constraints and any simplifying assumptions

= 1.16x10 N s/m
-3

Viscosity Measurement: Solution

AU F = t 2 2 h r F = t
2 2 r 3h P= t

U= r A = 2 r

Outer cylinder Inner cylinder

h
P = F r

Thin layer of water

Pt 2 2 r 3h

(50 x10-6 W) (0.002 m) = = 1.16x10 -3 N s/m 2 2 (1.047/s) 2 (0.05 m)3 (0.1 m)

r = 5 cm t = 2 mm h = 10 cm P = 50 x 10-6 W 10 rpm

APPROXIMATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMON LIQUIDS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Dimensions & Units

Tujuan : mereview satuan untuk menghilangkan kebingunan konversi satuan SI dan Engineering

Dimensions and Units

The dimensions have to be the same for each term in an equation Dimensions of mechanics are L length T time M mass F = ma MLT-2 force temperature

Dimensions and Units

Quantity SymbolDimensions Density ML-3 Specific Weight ML-2 T-2 Dynamic viscosity ML-1 T-1 Kinematic viscosity L2T-1 Surface tension MT-2 Bulk mod of elasticity E ML-1 T-2

fluid These are _______ properties! 4 How many independent properties? _____

Units

Unit: Particular dimension

kg, m, s, oK (Systeme International) slug, ft, s, oR (British Gravitational) lbm, ft, s, oR (something else)

Whats a SLUG?!

Unit of mass in the BG system (~ 14.59 kg, ~32.17 lbm) 1 lbf will accelerate a slug 1ft/s2 32.17 lb/14.59 kg = 2.2 lbm/kg

Secondary Units
F = ma ML 2 = T

[ M ]

L 2 T

Force N = kg-m/s2 (Newton) lbf = slug-ft/s2 (pound force) = 32.2 lbm-ft/s2 Work (Force through a distance) J = N-m (Joule) ft-lbf (foot pound) Energy (Work per time) W = J/s (Watt) ft-lbf/s (foot pound per sec) hp 550 ft-lb/s (horsepower)

gc YANG SERING MEMBINGUNGKAN,

Fisika W = mg
(g: gravitational acceleration).

Engineering

W = mg /gc.

Conversion of Units

MEKANIKA FLUIDA
Tujuan Pengajaran

Memahami fenomena/konsepnya dan mampu mengaplikasikan PERSAMAAN DASAR fluida statik maupun fluida mengalir, untuk mendapatkan solusi persoalan praktis, yang sering dijumpai dalam enjinering terutama yang berkaitan dengan operasi teknik kimia seperti transportasi fluida, pengontakkan fluida-padatan, pemisahan fluida padatan.

PERSAMAAN DASAR MEKANIKA FLUIDA

H. Newton F= m.a H. Kekekalan Massa H. Kekekalan Energi (H.Termodinamika 1) H. Termodinamika 2