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Study Objectives
Understand concepts of a conceptual model and its purpose Learn how relationships between entities are defined and refined, and how such relationships are incorporated into the database design process Learn how ERD components affect database design and implementation Learn how to interpret the modeling symbols
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Models can be built for existing systems as a way to better understand the systems Or for proposed systems as a way to document business requirements or technical designs.
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The conceptual data modeling revolves around discovering and analyzing organizational and users data requirements (see the supplement).
The major activity of this phase is identifying entities, attributes, and their relationships to construct ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram).
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Represent reality of the actual database Blue print: documentation Effective Communication Tool User involvement Represent abstraction of requirements Identify the business rules to be stored in the database Independence from a particular DBMS
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See his original ERD article Translate different views of data among managers, users, and programmers to fit into a common framework. Define data processing and constraint requirements to help us meet the different views. Help implement the database.
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Entity instance a member of the Entity : a person, a place, an object (a row in a table)
Attribute - property or characteristic of interest of an entity (a field in a table) Relationship association between entities (corresponds to primary key-foreign key equivalencies in related tables)
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Chens Notation
Entities
rectangle containing the entitys name. oval containing the attributes name. diamond containing the relationships name.
Attributes
Relationships
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Entity
A fundamental THING of relevance to the enterprise about which data may be kept What should be an Entity: both tangible & intangible
An object that will have many instances in the database An object that will be composed of multiple attributes An object that we are trying to model A user of the database system An output of the database system (e.g. a report)
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Entity (cont)
Inappropriate entities System user
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System output
Appropriate entities
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Entity Instance
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Entity: student
Student Last ID Name 2144 3122 3843 Arnold Taylor Macy Leath Wrench
Simmons Lisa
instance
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Attributes
describe property or characteristic of an entity Entity: Employee Attributes:
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Classes of attributes
Simple attribute Composite attribute Derived attributes Single-valued attribute Multi-valued attribute
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Simple/Composite attribute
Examples:
ADDRESS -- Street, City, State, Zip PHONE NUMBER -- Area code, Exchange number
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Derived attribute
is not physically stored within the database instead, it is derived by using an algorithm.
Example: AGE can be derived from the date of birth and the current date. MS Access: int(Date() Emp_Dob)/365)
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Single-valued attribute
Examples:
A person can have only one social security number. A manufactured part can have only one serial number.
Part No: CA-08-02-189935 Location: CA, Factory#:08, shift#: 02, part#: 189935
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Multi-valued attributes
Examples:
A person may have several college degrees. A household may have several phones with different numbers A car color
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Entity:
Movie Star SS#: 123-45-6789 (single-valued) Cell Phone: (661)123-4567, (661)234-5678 (multivalued) Name: Harrison Ford (composite) Address: 123 Main Str., LA, CA (composite) Birthdate: 1-1-50 (simple) Age: 50 (derived)
Attributes:
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Entity:
A fundamental THING of relevance to the enterprise about which data may be kept: things acted on by business activities people, places, objects, events. Tangible: customer, product intangible (active/conceptual): equipment breakdown look for nouns (beginner) BUT a proper noun is not a good candidate.
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Attribute:
property or characteristic of an entity A descriptor whose values are associated with individual entities of a specific entity type look for attribute descriptions/entity properties (beginner)
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(unique) Identifier
attributes that uniquely identify entity instances Uniquely identify every instance of the entity One or more of the entitys attributes
Identifiers are represented by underlying the name of the attribute(s) Employee (employee_ID), student (student_ID)
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