CITATION

APA Style of Reporting

Citation in APA Style

What is Plagiarism ?
Many people think of plagiarism as copying another's work, or borrowing someone else's original ideas. But terms like "copying" and "borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of the offense:
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to "plagiarize" means

to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own to use (another's production) without crediting the source to commit literary theft to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it afterward.
( Plagiarism.org .1996 ).

1. 2. 3. 4.

Be SeriousIts a CRIME
Plagiarism is quickly becoming part of our educational culture. More and more students are turning to the internet for quick "shortcuts" around the rewarding but time-consuming work of writing research papers.

What is Citation ?
A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including: information about the author the title of the work the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source the date your copy was published the page numbers of the material you are borrowing ( Plagiarism.org. 1996 )

Why Citation is Important?

Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to use other people's work without plagiarizing. But there are a number of other reasons to cite sources: citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they came from. not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else's bad ideas. citing sources shows the amount of research you've done. citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas.
( Plagiarism.org .1996 ).

What if I dont Cite?

Citation Styles
Numbered Citation Style In-Line Citation Style

The Linkage
Citation:
Is the reference as quoted in the body text

Reference:
Presents the full details from where the citation is being taken

Bibliography:
List of all references Also Confusingly Known as Reference

An Example
For example, the recent trend towards generation marketing involves segmentation by birth groups (Higgins, 1998; Smith & Clurman, 1997). In a similar vein, others have suggested a cohort segmentation (Schewe, Meredith & Noble 2000).

Bibliography
Higgins, K.T. (1998), Generational Marketing, Marketing Management, Vol. 7, Fall, pp. 6-9 Schewe, C.D., Meredith, G.E., and Noble, S.M. (2000), Defining Moments: Segmenting by Cohorts, Marketing Management, Vol. 9, Fall, pp. 48-54 Smith, W.J. and Clurman, A. (1997), Rocking the Ages, Harper Business, New York, NY

American Psychological Association

APA

APA Style
American Psychological Association

APA style is the style of writing used by journals published by the American Psychological Association (APA). The style is documented in the APA Publication Manual (5th ed., 2001).

Guidelines of APA Style

"When editors or typesetters refer to style, they usually do not mean writing style; they mean editorial style -- the rules or guidelines a publisher observes to ensure clear, consistent presentation of the printed word" (APA, 2001, p. 77).

Structure of a Project Report

Title Page Contents List of Tables List of Figures Declaration of Originality Acknowledgement Executive Summary 1. Company Profiles 2. Research Problem 3. Research Objectives 4. Research Methodology 5. Analysis of Data 6. Findings 7. Conclusions 8. Recommendations Annexure
Questionnaire Any Other Details Bibliography

General Document Guidelines

Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right) Font Size and Type: 10 to 12-pt. font (Serif Fonts Preferred) Line Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper Spacing after Punctuation: Space once after all punctuation. Alignment: Flush left or Justified Pagination: The page number appears at the bottom. All Pages are numbered. Active voice: As a general rule, use the active voice rather than the passive voice. For example, use "We predicted that ..." rather than "It was predicted that ..."

APA Guidelines for References

Works should be cited within the text of the paper or article, as well as in a bibliography or reference list at the end of the article. Within the text, cite the author and date of works used in your research. This enables readers to locate the source of the information in the reference list at the end of the paper. The title of your reference list page should be References and should appear centred at the top of the page. Arrange citations in alphabetical order by the first element of the citation, usually the authors last name. Italicizing is preferred for titles of books, journals and videos, although underlining is also acceptable. Article titles and chapter titles are in plain text NOT underlined, italicized, or entered in quotes. Pagination: the only time p. or pp. appears is for a chapter in a book or an article from a daily newspaper. If the precise page range is unknown (e.g., 54-60), then page numbers may be shown as 54+.

APA Rules for Citing (Journals etc.)

One Author
Reference: Maki, R.H. (1982). Categorization effects which occur in comparative judgment tasks. Memory & Cognition, 10, 252-264. In-text: (Maki, 1982, p. 260)

Two Authors
Reference: Atkinson, R.C., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1971). The control of short-term memory. Scientific American, 225, 82-90. In-text: (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971, p.87)

APA Rules for Citing (Journals etc.)

Three to Five Authors
Reference: Miller, F. G., Emanuel, E. J., Rosenstein, D. L., & Straus, S. E. (2004). Ethical issues concerning research in complementary and alternative medicine. JAMA, 291, 599-604. In-text: First Citation: (Miller, Emanuel, Rosenstein, & Straus, 2004); Next citations: (Miller et al., 2004).

More than 5 Authors

Reference: McGlynn, E. A., Asch, S. M., Adams, J., Keesey, J., & Hicks, J., et al. (2003). The quality of health care delivered to adults in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 2635-2645. In-text: All citations: (McGlynn et al., 2003). In the reference list the first five authors, then add et al.

APA Style for Online References

Government report online accessed through GPO database:
Reference: National Institute of Mental Health. (2002). Breaking ground, breaking through: The strategic plan for mood disorders research of the National Institute of Mental Health (Publication No. 0507-B-05). Retrieved January 19, 2003, from NIMH Web site via GPO Access: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS20906 Citation: First citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2002). Next citations: (NIMH, 2002).

APA Style for Electronic Article

Electronic Article (From Journal)
Reference:
Vanden, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

In-text:
(Vanden et al., 2001, p. 120)

Electronic Article (From Database)

Reference:
Jacobson, J.W., Mulick, J.A., & Schwartz, A.A. (1995). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved from PsychINFO database.

In-text:
(Jacobson et al., 1995, p. 755)

APA Style for Encyclopedia Article

Reference:
Warren, S.A. (1977). Mental retardation and environment. In International encyclopaedia of psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis, and neurology (Vol. 7, pp. 202-207). New York: Aesculapius Publishers.

In-text:
(Warren, 1977, p. 204)

APA Style for Newspaper Article

Reference:
Amazing Amazon region. (1989, January 12). New York Times, pp. D11, D14.

In-text:
("Amazing Amazon Region," 1989, p. D11)

APA Style for Magazine Article

No Author
Reference: The blood business (1992, September 11). Time, 97, 47-48. In-text:

("Blood Business," 1992, p. 47)

One Author
Reference: Kandel, E.R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120. In-text:

(Kandel, 2000, p. 1119)

APA Style for Report

Reference:
Annual smoking attributable mortality, years of potential life lost and economic costs: United States 1995-1999. (2002). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 51, 300-303.

Citation: (Annual Smoking, 2002).

Use heading caps when citing titles in text citations.

APA Style for Personal Communication

E-mail and other "unrecoverable data" are cited as personal communications.

E-mail messages should be cited only within the text of the paper. They are not included in the References. For example:

Anthony Boyle (personal communication, Aug. 31, 2006) stated that this notion of utopia was consistent with the view held by many religious scholars.

APA Guidelines for Tables

Table 1

Homicides by Race of Victim: United States 1993

Race Black White Other Total Population a 29,986 199,686 19,038 248,710 Homicides 12,114 12,153 635 24,932 Rate b 40.5* 6.1 3.3** 10.0

Note. From Statistical Abstract of the United States:1993 (Table 305), Bureau of Census, Washington, DC: Author. a Population in 1000s. b Rate per 100,000 persons. *p < .05, two-tailed test. **p < .01, two-tailed test.

APA Guidelines for Tables

Place tables close to where they are first mentioned in your text, but do not split a table across pages. Label each table beginning with the table number followed by a description of the contents in italics. Each row and column must have a heading. Abbreviations and symbols (e.g., "%" or "nos.") may be used in headings. Do not change the number of decimal places within a column. "Use a zero before the decimal point when numbers are less than one" (APA, p. 128). Write "0.23" not ".23" unless the number is a statistic that cannot be larger than one, for example a correlation r = .55, or a probability p < .01. Add notes to explain the table. These may be general notes, footnotes, or probability notes. General notes follow the word Note: (in italics) and are used to explain general information about the table, such as the source. Footnotes are labelled "a, b, c, etc." and set in superscript. They explain specific details. Probability notes are indicated by asterisks(*,**, etc.) and other symbols to indicate statistical significance. This is explained in the probability note at the bottom of the table. "Assign a given alpha level the same number of asterisks from table to table within your paper, such as *p < .05 and **p < .01; the larger [greater] probability receives the fewest asterisks [the smaller or lesser probability gets more asterisks]" (APA, p. 170).

APA Guidelines for Figures

'Figures' is the technical term for graphs, charts, drawings and pictures. Figures (other than pictures) may be drawn in black and white only (using a ruler and preferably on graph paper) or they may be generated with a computer graphics program (keeping it in two dimensions). Center each figure on the page vertically as well as horizontally. If the figure is a chart or graph, verbally label the axes (do not use "X" and "Y") (e.g., Income level vs. Monthly Expenses on luxury products). Do not put the figure caption on the figure, since that is what the figure captions page is for.

Figure Caption:
Start on a new page. Center the phrase Figure Captions at the top. Each figure caption is typed flush left in block format. The word Figure' and the number are italicized, for example, Figure 1. The effects of Income on the Lifestyle. Figure 2. Number of people arrested for drunken driving as related to the day of the week.

References:
Plagiarism.org (1996). Plagiarism. Retrieved March 22, 2009 from http://www.plagiarism.org/. The Ohio State University Libraries (2009). Cite Resources American Psychological Association (APA). Retrieved March 22, 2009 from http://www.osu.edu/ .