Jassy Mary S.

Lazarte Department of Biology College of Arts and Sciences UP Manila

Parts of the Microscope

Mechanical Parts
y Base y Pillar y Inclination joint y Arm y Stage y Body Tube y Draw Tube y Nosepiece y Dust Shield y Coarse Adjustment knob y Fine Adjustment knob y Condenser Adjustment knob y Iris Diaphragm Lever

Optical Parts
Mirror Substage -Iris Diaphragm -Condenser Objectives -LPO -HPO -OIO Eyepiece/ Ocular Mirror

Proper Usage of Microscope

y Clean the mirrors and lenses with lens paper and 30% EtOH. y Bring the objectives as far away from the stage as possible and place the slide on the stage, centering the object on focus over the hole. y Adjust the mirror so that the entire field is illuminated. y Focus the object into view.

Start by bringing the objectives as close as possible to the slide. Look into the eyepiece and slowly move the object away from the slide until the image comes into focus To further magnify the object rotate the nosepiece so that the next objective is in position. To maximize the capacity of the microscope, use OIO.

Calibration of the Ocular Micrometer

Ocular

0.01 mm

Stage

Calculations
y Calibration

Constant Stage x 0.01 mm Ocular osp 1 x 0.01 mm 4 osp = 0.0025 mm

y Actual Size of the

Magnification of Illustration size of the drawing actual size of the object 30 mm or 3 cm 0.035 mm = 857.14 x Linear Magnification Magnification of eyepiece X Magnification of objectives

Object Ocular size of the object x calibration constant 14 osp x 0.0025 mm = 0.035 mm

Old vs New Compound Microscopes

Criteria Coarse & Fine Adjustment Knob Condenser Stage Coarse Adjustment knob Inclination Joint Body Tube Range of Magnification Old Microscope Separated Without knob Immovable and tilted Moves the body tube Present Present 100-970 x New Microscope Combined With knob Movable and parallel with ground Moves the stage Absent Absent 100-1500 x

Compound vs Stereoscope
Criteria Magnification Compound 100-1000x Stereoscope 40x

Position of Object

Inverted

Upright

Movement of Object Across the Field Image Produced

Opposite

Parallel

2-D

3-D

Points to consider in microscopy

y Numerical aperture power(objective)

magnifying

y Numerical aperture (objective) resolving power y Working distance 1/

magnifying power

Jassy Mary S. Lazarte Department of Biology College of Arts & Sciences UP Manila

Cheek Cell
y Squamous y Cells are stacked in

Fat Cell
y Globular y Lipids are seen as

single layer y Nucleus is centrally located

reddish sphere y Nucleus is located near plasma membrane since fat droplets push the nucleus

RBC
y Small in size y Biconcave disk y Lacks organelles and y Large

WBC
y Spherical y Has nucleus y Possess lysosomes and

nucleus y Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide and other materials

ribosomes y Remove foreign substances and produce antibodies

Frog RBC
y Larger in size y Oval in shape y Possess nucleus and

Human RBC
y Smaller in size y Biconcave disk in shape y Lacks organelles and

organelles y Picks up oxygen and transport important materials

nucleus y Picks up oxygen and transport important materials

Smooth Muscle Cell

y Spindle shape y With single centrally

Columnar Cells
y Rectangular in shape y With nucleus located in

located nucleus y Arranged closely to form sheets

the lower part of the cell y Usually arranged in single layers y Possess microvilli which serves to increase surface area for absorption

Liver Cells
y Cuboidal in shape y Tightly packed y With nucleus located at

Sperm Cells
y With head, midpiece and

the center

tail y Has hairlike structure for movement y Acrosome and flagellum are its primary modification which functions for movement and penetration of the outer layer surrounding the egg

Amoeba sp.
y No particular direction y A change in position is

Paramecium sp
y Cilia is seen covering the y

observed once they meet an obstruction y Exhibits amoeboid movement y These movement is also seen in WBC

y y y

body Cilia is essential for locomotion, filtration and protection Exhibits ciliary movement This movement is evident in respiratory passages Has 2 nuclei: macronucleus and micronucleus

Shape of Cells Spherical Stellate Squamous Spherical Star-like, branching Flattened

Sources Blood vessel brain, spinal cord, nerves Lungs, kidneys, lining of the heart Intestine Cerebral cortex Walls of hallow organ Kidneys Fats Amoeba

Functions Transport of substances Transmission of electric signals Protection and regulation Absorption transmission Movement Secretion, absorption Storage, insulation Amoeboid movement

Columnar Pyramidal Fusiform Cuboidal Polygonal Amorphous

Rectangular Pyramidal Spindle shaped Cube shaped Closed figure Irregular

Criteria Cell wall Plastids Vacuoles Centrioles Lysosomes Cilia

Animal Cell Absent Absent Present Present Present Present

Plant Cell Present Present Present Absent Present Present

Prokaryotic Cell Cell wall Nuclear membrane Chromosomes Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Plastids Ribosomes Vacuoles Centrioles Lysosomes Present Absent Single, circular Absent Absent absent Absent but present in some Present Present Absent Absent

Eukaryotic Cell Absent in animals but present in plants Present Multiple Present Present Present Absent in animals but present in plants Present Present Present in animals but absent in plants Present

Jassy Mary S. Lazarte Department of Biology CAS UP Manila

What is Interphase?
y Period of DNA replication and

synthesis of proteins and nucleic acid components essential to growth y Gap 1 (G1)- important preparatory stage for the replication of DNA. Mark by the synthesis of tRNA, mRNA and several enzymes y Synthesis (S)- replication of DNA y Gap 2 (G2)- synthesis of spindle and aster proteins essential for chromosome separation

What is Mitosis?
y Nuclear division in which there is an equal

qualitative and quantitative division of the chromosomal material between the 2 resulting nuclei. y 2 processes involved: y Karyokinesis y Cytokinesis

Phases of Mitosis
y Prophase- centrosomes and

centromeres replicate and the 2 centrosomes migrate to opposite sides of the nucleus - microtubules appear between the two centrosomes to form a foot ball shaped spindle and asters - nuclear chromatin condenses to form chromosomes and nuclear envelop dissappears

y Metaphase- condensed

chromatins move to the middle of the nuclear region to form the metaphase plate
astral centrosome kinetochore Chromatin

y Anaphase- splitting of the

centromere the holds the two chromatids leading to formation of 2 independent chromosome each with its own centromere - chromosomes move toward their respective poles pulled by kinetochore fibers

y Telophase- characterized

by the disappearance of spindle fibers, chromosomes revert to the diffuse chromatin network and nuclear membrane appears around the 2 daughter nuclei

Criteria
Centrioles Cytokinesis Astral fibers Location of division Source of spindle fibers

Animal
Present Cleavage furrow Present Periphery Centriole

Plant
Absent Cell plate Absent Center Microtubule

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Telophase Anaphase

Jassy Mary S. Lazarte Department of Biology College of Arts and Sciences UP Manila

Epithelial Tissues
y Closely packed polyhedral cells y Contain very little extracellular substance y Line all external and internal surfaces of the body y Functions:
y Covering and lining of surfaces y Absorption y Sensation y Secretion y contractility

squamous

Shape
Epithelial Tissues Number

cuboidal columnar simple

Stratified squamous

stratified
Pseudostratified columnar

Simple Squamous epithelium

-single layer of tightly packed
-flattened cell -disk-shaped central nucleus -air sacs of lungs, glomeruli, linings of heart, lymphatic and blood vessels - allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

-single layer of tightly packed -cube-shaped cells -Usually located in kidney tubules, ducts and small glands and surface of ovary -functions for secretion and absorption

Simple Columnar epithelium -single layer of elongated cells -in the linings of digestive tract, gall bladder, and excretory ducts of some glands - functions for absorption and enzyme secretion

Stratified Squamous
-Consist of 2 or more layers of squamous cells -unkeratinized variety are usually found in the linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina while the keratinized variety lines the surface of the skin -function to protect underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion -frog skin

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

-A tuft of cilia tops each columnar cell -located in the linings of bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus -function to propel mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action. -trachea

Connective Tissue
y Composed of cells, fibers and ground

substances y Major constituent is the extracellular matrix y Functions: y Provide and maintain form in the body y Provide matrix that connects and binds the cells and organs y Gives support to the body

Areolar/Loose

Modified Loose

Regular Connective Tissue Dense Irregular Bone, Cartilage and Blood

Specialized

Loose/Areolar
y Supports structures that are normally under

pressure and low friction y Found in: y papillary layer of dermis y serosal linings of peritoneal and pleural cavities, glands and the wet membranes that line the hollow organs

Loose/ Areolar Connective Tissue

-Contains numerous fibroblast that produce collagenous and elastic fibers -widely distributed under the epithelia -function to wrap and cushions organs

Dense Regular
y Collagen fibers are

arranged in a definite pattern y located at the dermis of the skin, submucosa of the digestive tract and fibrous capsules of organs and joints y provide structural strength y Ex. tendon

Dense Irregular
y Collagen fibers are in

bundles without a definite orientation y Provide resistance to stress from all directions y Ex. Frogs dermis

Modified Loose
y Adipose
y Largest repository of energy y Fills spaces between other

tissues and helps to keep some organs in place y Reticular y Compose of reticular fibers y Provides architectural framework that creates a special microenvironment for hematopoietic and lymphoid organs

Specialized
y Bone y Blood
y Red Blood Cells y White Blood Cells

Granulocyte (Neutrophil, Acidophil, Basophil) y Agranulocyte (lymphocyte, monocyte) y Cartilage y Hyaline y Fibrocartilage y Elastic
y

Cartilage
y Contains extracellular matrix enrich with GAGs and

proteoglycans that interact with collagen and elastic fibers y Bears mechanical stress without distortion y Support soft tissues y Chondrocytes
y secrete the fibers and ground substance that make up the

cartilage matrix) y space in the matrix occupied by a chondrocyte is called a lacuna

y

three types of cartilage differ in the composition of their matrix.

Hyaline Cartilage
y Most common in embryonic skeleton y Cells are located in lacunae surrounded by

intercellular material containing fine collagenous fibers y Appear bluish white to translucent under the microscope y Essential for support and reinforcement y Found in:
y Walls of respiratory passages(nose, larynx, trachea &

bronchi) y Ventral ends of ribs y Articular surfaces of the movable joints y Longitudinal growth of bones

Fibrocartilage
y Tissues that are intermediate between dense and

hyaline cartilage y Contains many large collagenous fibers in the intercellular material y usually absorbs compression shock y Found in:
y Intervertebral disks y Pubic symphisis y Disk of knee joints

Elastic Cartilage
y Contains fine collagenous fibers and many elastic

fibers in its intercellular material y serve to maintain a structure s shape while allowing great flexibility y Found in: y Auricle of the ear y Walls of external auditory canals y Auditory (Eustachian) tubes y Epiglottis y Cuneiform cartilage of the larynx

Bone
y Highly vascularized, metabolically active y Reservoir of Calcium and other essential ions y Provides structural framework for the body y Parts to look for:
y matrix y Canaliculi-thin cylindrical spaces that perforate the

matrix y Haversian canal- houses blood vessels and nerves y Lamellae- concentric layers of the matrix y Lacunae- allow the passage of interstitial fluid between the central canal and the lacunae housing osteocytes

Bone

Spongy Bone
y network of irregularly-shaped sheets and spikes of

bone (trabeculae) y spaces between the trabeculae contain red or yellow marrow, depending on a person's age and on which bone it is y there are no blood vessels within the matrix of spongy bone, but blood vessels are nearby in the marrow spaces y exchange of nutrients, gases, etc. occurs between capillaries in the marrow and the interstitial fluid of the marrow

Blood
y Consists of the cells and fluid that flow in a

unidirectional movement within a circulatory system y Transports oxygen and nutrients around the body y Chief defense mechanism against infection y Made up of two parts: y Formed elements (blood cells) y Erythrocytes y Platelets y leukocytes y Plasma

Blood

Leukocyte

Erythrocyte

Platelets

Neutrophil

Granulocyte

Acidophil

White Blood Cells

Basophil

y phocyte

Agranulocyte Monocyte

Blood
Granulocytes Neutrophil Agranulocytes Eosinophil

Lymphocyte

Basophil

Monocyte

Muscular Tissue
y Composed of differentiated cells containing

contractile proteins y Such proteins generate the forces necessary for cellular contraction y Parts to look for: y Nucleus y Sarcolemma-cell membrane y Sarcoplasm-the cytoplasm of the muscle y Sarcoplasmic reticulum-smooth endoplasmic reticulum y fibers

Muscle Tissue
t elet l r i c

Skeletal Muscle
y Consist of bundles of a very long, cylindrical

cells y Multinucleated, seen in the periphery y Exhibit cross striations y Quick contraction y Usually under voluntary control y located in skeletal muscles attached to bone y useful for voluntary movement and locomotion

Smooth Muscle
y Consists of collection of fusiform/spindle-

shaped cells y With single, central nucleus y No cross striations y Slow contraction y Not subject to voluntary movement y Found in:
y found in walls of hollow organs and they move substances

or objects (foodstuff, urine, baby) along internal passageway

Cardiac Muscle
y Composed of elongated, branched individual

cells that lie parallel to each other y With 1 or 2 nuclei y Exhibit cross striation y Intercalated disks (exclusive) y Vigorous and rhythmic contraction y Involuntary movement

Nervous Tissue
y Nerve cell consists of three parts:
y Dendrites-multiple elongated processes

specialized in RECEIVING stimuli from the environment, sensory epithelial cells or other neurons y Cell body/perikaryon- TROPHIC CENTER for the whole nerve cell, also receptive to stimuli y Axon- a single process specialized in GENERATING or conducting nerve impulses to other cells

Parts to look out for:

y Longitudinal section:
y Neurilemma- membrane covering the fiber y Axis cylinder- the central region of the nerve

fiber y Medullary sheath- thick sheath covering the fiber between the neurilemma and the axis cylinder y Nodes of Ranvier-constrictions in the medullary sheath

y Cross section:
y Epineurium-external fibrous coat of dense

connective tissue, also fills the space between the bundles(fascicule) of nerve fibers y Perineurium- surrounds each bundle, protects the nerve fiber from aggression y Endoneurium-the membrane covering each nerve fiber

Nervous Tissue

cb = neuron cell body n = nucleus of neuron g = nucleus of glial cell

n = node of Ranvier a = axon Most of the purple nuclei are Schwann cell nuclei.

GOD BLESS ON YOU 1ST DEPEX (,) -maam jassy