Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Information is Critical
The information we have is not what we want, The information we want
is not available.
Information in Context
Data: raw facts such as the number of customers. Information: data arranged in a meaningful fashion. Good information possesses these attributes:
Information Quality: measures information accuracy and reliability. Timeliness: information is needed when managerial action is taken.
Real Time Information: reflects the current condition.
Completeness: manager has the information to act. Relevance: information matches the managers specific needs at hand.
Irrelevant information does not apply
Information Attributes
High Quality
Relevant
Useful Information
Timely
Relatively Complete
Data Manipulation
Example: customer survey
Reading through data collected from a customer survey with questions in various categories would be time-consuming and not very helpful. When manipulated, the surveys may provide useful information.
What Is a System?
Subsystem: One part of a system where the products of more than one system are combined to reach an ultimate goal Closed system: Stand-alone system that has no contact with other systems Open system: System that interfaces with other systems
Allows human thought to be translated into efficient processing of large amounts of data
The Four Stages of Data Processing Input: Data is collected and entered into computer. Data processing: Data is manipulated into information using mathematical, statistical, and other tools. Output: Information is displayed or presented. Storage: Data and information are maintained for later use.
What is MIS? Right Information To the right person At the right place At the right time In the right form At the right cost
Key-indicator report
Summarizes the previous day s critical activities Typically available at the beginning of each day
Demand report
Gives certain information at a manager s request
Exception report
Automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires management action
Uses internal data stored in the computer system End users can develop custom reports Requires formal requests from users
Internet
Business transactions
Accounting MIS
Marketing MIS
Business transactions
Etc.
Extranet
Information Systems have provided managers with better information, enabling better decision making.
Computer-based information systems are associated with decentralization of managerial decision making.
Flattening the Organization: information systems reduce the need for the hierarchy to control the firm. Managers control and coordinate using the system, not workers.
Political Resistance: the information system changes the way information flows in the firm
Some managers feel threatened by it. Managers may think they will be laid-off.
Historic Development
The concept of MIS has changed substantially over the years. In the 50 s and 60 s, the management saw the potential of computers to process large amounts of data speedily and accurately. The departments that were involved with such activities were known as Electronic Data Processing (EDP) departments. The focus of EDP was Record Keeping e.g.accounting data Payroll data.
Historic Development
In the 70 s, there was a discernible shift from data to information. The focus was not on data but on the analysis of Organisation data. There was a shift in the philosophy. Such a concept came to be widely known as Management Information System . right information in right time to right people
Historic Development
In the 70 s the top management relied on the staff of EDP & MIS to supply the necessary information. The 80 s saw the Personal Computer (PC) revolution. The Personal Computer & the desk-top metaphor changed the picture completely. The biggest pay-off for such direct use was the whatif analysis capability. This led to the emerge of Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Historic Development
The information and decision hungry managers of 80 s saw a huge potential in the expert systems as a result of spectacular growth in the Artificial Intelligence area. Combined with DSS philosophy the expert systems could supply a superior class of managerial information support, known as Knowledge Based Systems (KBS).
Historic Development
The EDP targeted the operational level of management. The MIS/DSS/KBS target the middle management. Attempts were made to provide information to top management as well, known as Executive Information System (EIS).
MIS
OAS
TPS
1950s
21st Century
Historic Development
EDP - Focus on Data OAS - Focus on Communication MIS - Focus on Information DSS - Focus on Decision Support EIS - Focus on Decision Support for Top Management ES - Focus on Consultation AI - Focus on self-learning / thinking systems
Information architecture is the particular form that information technology takes in an organization to achieve selected goals or functions. It is a design for the firm s key business application systems and the specific ways that are used by each organization. Information architecture meet business requirements now and in future