Database System Environment

D Mukherjee Assistant Professor IT Area

DataBase System Concepts and Architecture

Data Models, Schemas, and Instances DBMS Architecture and Data Independence Database Languages and Interfaces The Database System Environment Classification of Database Management Systems

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

Data Models, Schemas, and Instances

data types relationships

Data Model: A set of concepts to describe the structure of a database, and certain constraints that the database should obey. Provide data abstraction

Data Model Operations: Operations for specifying database retrievals and updates by referring to the concepts of the data model. generic operation: insert, delete, modify, retrieve user-defined operations

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

Categories of Data Models:

- Conceptual (high-level, semantic) data models: Provide concepts that are close to the way many users perceive data. (Also called entity-based or object-based data models.) entity attribute relationship

- Physical (low-level, internal) data models: Provide concepts that describe details of how data is stored in the computer. record formats record ordering access paths - Implementation (record-oriented) data models: Provide concepts that fall between the above two, balancing user views with some computer storage details.
DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

relational

network hierarchical
4

Schemas, Instances and Database State

Database Schema (meta-data): The description of a database. Includes descriptions of the database structure and the constraints that should hold on the database. Schema Diagram: A diagrammatic display of (some aspects of ) a database schema. Database Instance: The actual data stored in a database at a particular moment in time. Also called database state ( or occurrence, snapshot)
Each schema construct has its own current set of instances.

The database schema changes very infrequently. The database state changes every time the database is updated. Schema is also called intension, whereas state is called extension.
DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

Schema diagram for UNIVERSITY database

schema construct

Known data: name of record types, data items

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22 6

UNIVERSITY Database

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

define empty state load initial state update state update valid state satisfy database schema

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

The Three-schema architecture

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

DBMS Architecture and Data Independence

Proposed to support DBMS characteristics of: Insulation of Programs and data/programs and operations (program data and program-operation independence) Support of Multiple views of data Use of catalogue (database description) DBMS Schema can defined in three levels: -Internal Schema at the internal level to describe data storage structures and access paths. Typically uses a physical data model. Conceptual schema at the conceptual level to describe the structure and constraints for the whole database. Uses a conceptual or an implementation data model. External schema at the external level to describe the various user views. Usually uses the same data models the conceptual level or high level data model. Mappings among schema levels are also needed. programs refer to an external schema and are mapped by the internal schema for execution.

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

10

Data Independence

Logical Data Independence: The capacity to change the conceptual schema without having to change the external schemas and their application programs. Physical Data Independence: The capacity to change the internal schema without having to change the conceptual schema. When a schema at a lower level is changed, only the mappings between this schema and higher-lever schemas need to be changed in a DBMS that fully supports data independence. The higher-level schemas themselves are unchanged. Hence, the application programs need not be changed since they refer to the external schemas.

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

11

Database Languages & Interfaces

Data Definition Language (DDL): Used by the DBA and

database designers to specify the conceptual schema of the database. In many DBMSs, the DDL is also used to define internal and external schemas (views). In some DBMSs, separate storage definition language (SDL) and view definition language (VDL) are used to define internal and external schemas. Data Manipulation Language (DML): Used to specify database retrievals and updates (insertion, deletions and modifications) DML commands (data sublanguage) can be embedded in a general purpose programming language (host language) Alternatively, standalone DML commands can be applied directly (query language) provide appropriate languages and interfaces for each category of users.
12

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

Types of DML -Procedural DML:

Also called record-at-a-time (record-oriented) or low-level DML Must be embedded in a programming language. Searches for and retrieves individual database records and uses looping and other constructs of the host programming language to retrieve multiple records.

-Declarative or non-procedural DML:

Also called set-at-a-time (set-oriented) or high-level DML. Can be used as a stand-alone query language or can be embedded in a programming language. Searches for and retrieves information from multiple related database records in a single command. - host language: general-purpose language - data sublanguage: DML - C++
DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22 13

DBMS Interfaces - Stand-alone query language interfaces. (casual end user) - Programmer interfaces for embedding DML in programming languages: (programmer) -Pre-compiler Approach -Procedure (Subroutine) Call Approach - User-friendly interfaces: -Menu-based Interfaces for Browsing. -Forms-based Interfaces. -Graphical User Interfaces. -Combination of the above
DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22 14

DBMS Interfaces

-Interfaces for Parametric Users (using function keys) - Interfaces for the DBA: -Creating accounts, granting authorizations -Setting system parameters -Changing schemas or access path

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

15

The Database System Environment

DBMS Component Modules

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

16

Database System Utilities

To perform certain functions such as: - Loading data stored in files into a database. Conversion tool - Backing up the database periodically on storage. - File reorganizing database file structures. - Report generation utilities. - Performance monitoring utilities. - Other functions, such as sorting, user monitoring, data compression, etc.
DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

17

Tools, Application Environments, and Communications Facilities

Data dictionary utility: - Used to store schema descriptions and other information such as design decisions, application program descriptions, user information, usage standards, etc. -Active data dictionary is accessed by DBMS software and users/DBA. -Passive data dictionary is accessed by users/DBA only. Communications Facilities - Allow users at locations remote from the database system site to access the database. DB (DBMS)/DC (Data Communication System)
DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22 18

Classification of Database Management Systems Based on the data model used: Data models -Traditional: Relational, Network, Hierarchical - Emerging: Object-oriented, Semantic, Entity- Relationship, other. Other classifications: Number of users : Single-user (typically used with personal computers) vs. multi-user (most DBMSs) Number of sites: Centralized (uses a single computer) vs. distributed (uses multiple computers). Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Cost of DBMS software. $10,000~100,000 $100~3,000 Purpose general purpose special purpose e.g. airline reservations, telephone directory, on-line transaction processing system
DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22 19

A Network Schema

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

20

Assignment:: Type (Individual)

Prepare a report on applications of Databases with specifications of their use in any industry of your choice. You may share your experiences derived during the course of your SIP. Deadline for Submission: 7th day from date till 4:30 pm. Please dont jump deadline.

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

21

DBMS/DB System Conepts/Lecture2/22

22