Sampling

Name : Esha Krishnan Batch : XMBA-01 Roll no.: 03 Prof : Pooja Tiwari

Co te ts
Wh t is Ce sus Vs Why Good te s i li Adv t li li le li urvey ? li ? li

Tech iques es d Dis dv t es of s li tech iques

Methods

Wh t is

li

The sample is a very small part or a representative section selected from a population.

The process of such a selection is called sampling

Ce sus vs
Ce sus

li
Sampli
When only a small homogenous part (sample) of a population is studied The data collected through sampling is close to real information but has scope for error because the information is collected from a sample population A sample survey is only done on a small number of the people and the results are then analyzed and extended to the population as a whole

When all units of a population are studied Data collected through census can be more accurate because it takes the entire population into account It takes a lot more time to complete because information needs to be gathered about every single person/object

Why Sampli
Lower Cost

Greater Accuracy of results Greater speed of data collection Availability of population elements

Good Sample
What is a Good Sample The ultimate test of a sample design is how well it represents the characteristics of the population it aims to represent

Characteristics of a Good Sample Representativeness Accuracy Precision Size

Steps i Sampli

Survey?

Objective and Scope of Survey Defining the population to be sampled The frame of sampling units Data Collection Schedule Collection of information Selection of Sampling Design Field work Pilot Survey Summary and Analysis

Sampli

Tech iques
No -Probability Sampli
Sample selection without use of randomization It is based on convenience or judgment & hence it is likely to be biased

Probability Sampli
Each unit is drawn on the basis of randomness Each unit has some chance of selection Samples are drawn on basis of some random procedures and not any judgmental method

Advantages & Disadvantages of Sampling techniques

Types of Sampling Method Advantages Disadvantages
Requires that you have a list of all sample elements 1. More time-consuming 2. More costly 3. No advantage when small numbers of elements are to be chosen 1. Greater risk of bias 2. May not be possible to generalize to program target population 3. Subjectivity can make it difficut to measure changes in indicators over time 4. No way to assess precision or reliability of data

Probability Sampling 1. Less prone to biased 2. Less possibility of errors 1. More flexible 2. Less costly 3. Less time-consuming 4. Judgementally representative sample may be preferred when small numbers of elements are to be chose

Non-Probability Sampling

Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Cluster (Area) Sampling Multistage Sampling

Non-Probability Sampling
Quota (deliberate) Sampling Convenience Sampling Judgmental/Purposive Sampling

Sampling Methods

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Simple Random Sampling

In simple random sample of a given size, all such subsets of the frame are given an equal probability. Each element of the frame thus has an equal probability of selection: the frame is not subdivided or partitioned This minimizes biased selection and simplifies analysis of results The variance between individual results within the sample is a good indicator of variance in the overall population, which makes it relatively easy to estimate the accuracy of results. In some cases, investigators are interested in research questions specific to subgroups of the population. Simple random sample cannot accommodate the needs of researchers in this situation because it does not provide subsamples of the population

Systematic Sampling
Systematic sampling relies on arranging the target population according to some ordering scheme and then selecting elements at regular intervals through that ordered list Systematic sampling involves a random start and then proceeds with the selection of every kth element from then onwards. In this case, k=(population size/sample size). As long as the starting point is randomized, systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling. Example: Suppose we wish to sample people from a long street that starts in a poor district (house #1) and ends in an expensive district (house #1000). A simple random selection of addresses from this street could easily end up with too many from the high end and too few from the low end (or vice versa), leading to an unrepresentative sample. Selecting (e.g.) every 10th street number along the street ensures that the sample is spread evenly along the length of the street, representing all of these districts.

Stratified Random Sampling

In some situations one can classify the population in some specified distinct classes of element sets. When one draws a random sample out of these classified groups, we call such samples as stratified samples.

Cluster (Area) Sampling

Sometimes it is cheaper to 'cluster' the sample in some way e.g. by selecting respondents from certain areas only, or certain time-periods only This can reduce travel and other administrative costs. It also means that one does not need a sampling frame listing all elements in the target population Disadvantages of cluster sampling are the reliance of sample estimate precision on the actual clusters chosen If clusters chosen are biased in a certain way, inferences drawn about population parameters from these sample estimates will be far off from being accurate.

Multistage Sampling
Multistage sampling is a complex form of cluster sampling in which two or more levels of units are embedded one in the other. The first stage consists of constructing the clusters that will be used to sample from. In the second stage, a sample of primary units is randomly selected from each cluster (rather than using all units contained in all selected clusters). In following stages, in each of those selected clusters, additional samples of units are selected, and so on. All ultimate units (individuals, for instance) selected at the last step of this procedure are then surveyed.

Sampling Methods

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Quota (deliberate) Sampling

In quota sampling, the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgment is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. It is this second step which makes the technique one of non-probability sampling. In quota sampling the selection of the sample is non-random. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60. interviewers might be tempted to interview those who look most helpful. The problem is that these samples may be biased because not everyone gets a chance of selection.

Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling (sometimes known as grab or opportunity sampling) is a type of non-probability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand. That is, a sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. It may be through meeting the person or including a person in the sample when one meets them or chosen by finding them through technological means such as the internet or through phone. The researcher using such a sample cannot scientifically make generalizations about the total population from this sample because it would not be representative enough. For example, if the interviewer were to conduct such a survey at a shopping center early in the morning on a given day, the people that he/she could interview would be limited to those given there at that given time, which would not represent the views of other members of society in such an area, if the survey were to be conducted at different times of day and several times per week. This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing.

Judgemental Sampling
When the sample units are either pick up on previous experience basis or with no set rule procedure, but based on hunch. It is also called as opinion sampling

Bibliography
Textbook Notes Wikipedia