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TURBINE GOVERNING

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Presentation outline
Role of turbine governing Governing Method Types of Governing systems Functional division of Governing Ckt Component of Turbine governing

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TURBINE GOVERNING
Role of turbine governing Governing Method Types of Governing systems Functional division of Governing Ckt Component of Turbine governing

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Functions of Governing System


To control the initial run up and synchronization of the machine To control the turbine load when running in parallel with other generating sets. To contain the speed rise within acceptable limits in case of the unit getting disconnected from the load To provide protective gears to ensure the safe operation of the turbine Thus the individual TG governing system imply a need to  withstand a full load rejection safely  provide appropriate contributions to system frequency control.

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FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNING SYSTEM


 Safe Rolling, Synchronising, Loading And Unloading Of The Turbine.  Maintaining Load/Throttle Steam Pr. / Speed as per requirement  SAFE ISLANDING OPERATION In Case Of Grid Disturbance PROTECTING THE TURBINE In Case Of Emergency

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Governor characteristics
The main characteristics of a governing system is therefore the relationship between the generated load of the machine and its speed which is the prime governor input. This is known as the speed-loop droop or frequency regulation characteristics of the governor. Considering NR: Rated speed, NPR : Speed at full load NO: Speed at No load The steady state overall frequency regulation is defined as

N
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 N PR
R

'100
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THE EFFECT OF REGULATION


This regulation permits a machine to share load with other machines in a stable manner. Generally the droop of a turbine used for electric power generation varies between 4-7%. Typical governor frequency regulation characteristics is shown here as

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THE EFFE CT OF CHANGING SPEED SET POINT

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USE OF VARIABLE DROOP SETTINGS FOR CLOSED LOOP LOAD CONTROL


Closed loop control of turbine electrical load by use of proportional and integral load controllers is added to the basic governing system to facilitate the provision of variable droop settings. The frequency range over which the load loop is operative is limited so that even when the load loop droop is set to high or infinite values the unit response any large frequency errors in a manner matched to the characteristics of the normal droop of the basic speed governor.

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FREQUENCY VS LOAD CURVE

Load in % 100%

Assumption, Droop = 5 % 50%

0% 50 Hz
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Frequency in Hz 51.25 Hz 52.5 Hz


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CHARACTERISTICS OF FREQUENCY INFLUENCE +50 %

Frequency (in Hz)

48

49

50

51

52

- 50 %
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EFFECT OF DROOP SETTING ON GRID REQUENCY


VARIATION IN LOAD IN A GRID 100 % 50 % 25 % 10 % 5% DROOP 3% 1.5 Hz .75 Hz .375 Hz 0.15 Hz 0.075Hz 4% 2 Hz 1 Hz 0.5 Hz 0.2 Hz 0.1 Hz 5% 2.5 Hz 1.25 Hz 0.625 Hz .25 Hz 0.125 Hz

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Governing Of Large Reheat Machines


On reheat machines it is necessary to control not only the hp valves but also the interceptor (IP) valves because on a full load rejection the stored steam in the reheater and the associated pipe lines could be sufficient to overspeed the machine to destruction. The characterstics of the IP valves are such that they usually remain fully open over the normal low range of the machine and the governing action is achieved by throttling of the HP valves. This operating regime is known as HP governing & is achieved by giving a fixed bias to the IP valves. However, the reheater control valves comes into action during certain abnormal conditions like fast load rejection or low load conditions with excessively high reheater pressure, with the help of over riding controls provided by features like load sheding relay, IP trimming device etc.

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Governing Methods To control load, the turbine can be either NOZZLE CONTROLLED or THROTTLE CONTROLLED with the unit in both cases operating at constant steam pressure or variable pressure or a combination of two

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THROTTLE GOVERNING In throttle controlled turbines, steam flow is controlled by opening and closing of all the control valves simultaneously to the extent required by load and admitting the steam to the group of nozzles located on the entire periphery

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NOZZLE GOVERNING In nozzle controlled turbines, steam flow is controlled by sequential opening or closing of control valves allowing steam to flow to associated nozzle groups

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1. MECHANICAL 2. HYDRAULIC 3. ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC 4. Any Combination Of Above Three Commonly Used System ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC GOVERNING (EHG)

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MECHANICAL In mechanical governing system, speed transducer is mechanical centrifugal type speed governor, which actuates control valves through mechanical linkages. Now-a-days purely mechanical governing systems are not used for utility turbines.

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Hydraulic Governor
A hydraulic Governor for a turbine consists of a centrifugal pump driven from the main shaft which supplies oil to a cylinder containing a spring loaded piston or bellows. The pressure is proportional to the square of the speed, so the position of the piston or bellows is a function of speed.

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HYDRAULIC
In hydraulic governing system , speed transducer is a centrifugal pump , whose discharge pressure is proportional to square of speed. This signal is sent to hydraulic converter / transformer which generates signal proportional to valve opening / closure required. Before applying the signal to control valve servomotors, the same is suitably amplified

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ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC

This system provides very good combination of electrical measuring & signal processing and hydraulic controls. It offers many advantages over other three types of governing systems and is popular in large steam turbine units due to growing automation of turbine and generator sets.

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Electrical governor
Common design incorporates a permanent type shaft driven permanent magnet generator producing an a.c. wave having frequency of shaft speed. This wave is fed into an electric filter that resonates at a frequency corresponding to rated speed and the output is rectified to produce a d.c signal proportional to difference between rated and actual speed. This signal is amplified to form required speed correction signal. Another design utilizes digital signals from a shaft driven square wave generator, the output is compared with a reference square wave signal generated by an oscillator. The output of the comparator is rectified and amplified to form required control signal.

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Type Of Governing System ( KWU Turbine )


FEATURES

ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC GOVERNER ( EHG ) Main Controller

Automatic Controller With All Integrated Functions Can Work With CMC Safety And Protection

FEATURES

MECHANICAL-HYDRAULIC GOVERNER ( HG ) Backup

Manual Controller Safety And Protection Tracks To Main Controller (CAN TAKE OVER IN CASE OF FAILURE OF MAIN CONTROLLER)

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Hydraulic Governing
1. Output signal ( Aux. Secondary Fluid Pr.) is a function of
i) Speed Signal ( Primary Oil Pressure ) ii) Remote / Local Command

2. It can never be isolated from the system 3. Normally it acts as back-up of EHG. 4. Must be resorted to for Resetting of Governing System

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HYDRAULIC GOVERNING
HYD. SPEED TRANS.
HYD. PRESS. SIGNAL

HYD. SPEED GOV.


HYD. PRESS. SIGNAL

HYD. AMPLIFIER with F.U.Piston


HP SEC. OIL

IP SEC OIL

HPCV SERVO.
MECHANICAL COUPLING

IPCV SERVO.
MECHANICAL COUPLING

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HPCV

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IPCV

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Electro Hydraulic Governing (EHG)


 Load Controller ( PI Controller )  Pressure Controller ( PI Controller )  Speed Controller ( PD Controller )
 Any one of the three controllers becomes

operative based on minimum selection


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ELECTRO-HYD. GOVERNING
ELEC. SPEED SENSOR

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

EHC with F.U.Piston

HP SEC. OIL

IP SEC OIL

HPCV SERVO.
MECHANICAL COUPLING

IPCV SERVO.
MECHANICAL COUPLING

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HPCV

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IPCV

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Advantages Of Electro Hydraulic Governing


1. 2. Accurate control of the load gradient while loading the machine Provision of load controller : Proportional + Integral control action as against pure proportional action of Mechanical/Hydraulic governors. Accurate control of the desired acceleration & speed of the machine during rolling Provision of taking aspects of thermal stresses of different parts of the turbine during startup, shutdown and normal load operation. This is valuable for enhancing life of the Turbine. House load operation is possible within acceptable range of frequency.

3. 4.

5.

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GOVERNING SYSTEM

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Block Diagram - HYDRAULIC Controller

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Features of Governing System


EHC backed-up by Mechanical Hydraulic Controller (MHC) Tracking device for bumpless transfer from EHC to MHC Electrical processing ensures high sensitivity, quick response and dynamic stability Hydraulic actuation of valves provides continuous control of large forces Provision for frequency support Interfacing with Unit Coordinated Control Dependable control during load rejection Can accept control inputs from Auto Load Dispatch Station

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EHC BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Features of Electrohydraulic Controller


Speed, Load and Pressure controllers act as leading controller Selection circuit to select output of one of the three controllers as the final one Valve Position Controller acts as the subordinate controller Output of valve position controller acts on Electro-hydraulic controller which converts the electrical positioning signal to hydraulic one Signal from mechanical and electro-hydraulic controllers are linked together though a hydraulic minimum gate Tracking device keeps the mechanical controller signal approx. 10% higher

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FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF GOVERNING SYSTEM COMPONENTS


Resetting Circuit a) Resetting the Protective Devices b) Resetting of HP & IP Stop Valves

CONTROLLER Regulating Opening of control valves Testing Circuit ( ATT Automatic Turbine Testing )
SAFETY CIRCUIT a) Closure of Stop Valves b) Temporary Closure of Control Valves

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COMPONENTS OF SAFETY CIRCUIT MAIN TRIP VALVE


OVERSPEED TRIP DEVICE LOW VACUUM TRIP DEVICE THRUST BEARING TRIP DEVICE HAND TRIP DEVICE REMOTE SOLENOID TRIP

HP & IP Stop Valve Servo Motors Actuators of CRH NRV & Extraction

lines FCNRV

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COMPONENTS OF CONTROLLER

PRIMARY OIL PUMP STARTUP AND LOAD LIMITING DEVICE HYDRAULIC AMPLIFIER ELECTRO HYDRAULIC CONVERTER CONTROL VALVE SERVO MOTOR PILOT VALVES AND FOLLOWUP PISTONS
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COMPONENTS OF ATT MAIN TRIP VALVE CHANGE OVER VALVE OVERSPEED TRIP TEST DEVICE LOW VACUUM TRIP TEST STOP VALVE TEST VALVE TEST SOLENOIDS RESET SOLENOIDS
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OIL SUPPLY TO GOVERNING SYSTEM


HIGH PRESSURE CONTROL OIL (32 BAR) POWER OIL TO CONTROL VALVE SERVO MOTOR LOW PRESSURE CONTROL OIL (8 BAR) FEEDS TO SAFETY CIRCUIT, ATT AND CONTROL CIRCUIT LUBE OIL FEEDS TO PRIMARY OIL PUMP FOR HYDRAULIC SPEED SENSING
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GENERATED FLUIDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS


START UP OIL
AUXILIARY STARTUP OIL TRIP OIL AUXILIARY TRIP OIL SECONDARY OIL AUXILIARY SECONDARY OIL TEST OIL PRIMARY OIL

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STARTUP OIL
ORIGIN

GETS GENERATED FROM 8 BAR CONTROL FLUID AT STARTUP AND LOAD LIMITING DEVICE. FUNCTION HELPS IN OPENING OF STOP VALVE

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AUXILIARY STARTUP OIL


ORIGIN GETS GENERATED FROM 8 BAR CONTROL FLUID AT STARTUP AND LOAD LIMITING DEVICE. FUNCTION RESETS ALL THE HYDRAULIC TRIPPING DEVICES

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TRIP OIL
ORIGIN GETS GENERATED FROM 8 BAR CONTROL FLUID AT MAIN TRIP VALVE. FUNCTION FEEDS THE AUXILIARY TRIP OIL CIRCUIT (SAFETY DEVICES) FEEDS CONTROL CIRCUIT (SIGNAL OIL) OPERATES STOP VALES
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AUXILIARY TRIP OIL


ORIGIN GETS GENERATED FROM TRIP OIL AT MAIN TRIP VALVE. FUNCTION KEEPS MAIN TRIP VALVE IN OPERATING POSITION ALL THE HYDRAULIC SAFETY DEVICES ARE CONNECTED TO THIS CIRCUIT DRAINING OF THIS OIL TRIPS THE TURBINE
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SECONDARY OIL
ORIGIN GETS GENERATED FROM TRIP OIL AT HYDRAULIC AMPLIFIER OR ELECTRO HYDRULIC CONVERTER FUNCTION IT IS THE SIGNAL OIL FOR THE CONTROL VALES OPENING PRESSURE OF THIS OIL DECIDES THE OPENING OF CONTROL VALVES.
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Closing/opening of CV

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AUXILIARY SECONDARY OIL


ORIGIN GETS GENERATED FROM TRIP OIL AT SPEEDER GEAR

FUNCTION IT IS THE SIGNAL OIL FOR GENERATION OF SECONDARY OIL PRESSURE AT HYDRAULIC AMPLIFIER PRESSURE OF THIS OIL DECIDES THE OPENING OF CONTROL VALVES WHILE IN HYDRAULIC GOVERNER.
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PRIMARY OIL
ORIGIN GETS GENERATED FROM LUBE OIL BY PRIMARY OIL PUMP

FUNCTION IT IS THE SPEED SENSING SIGNAL FOR THE HYDRAULIC GOVERNER PRESSURE OF THIS OIL VARIES WITH SPEED OF THE TURBINE.
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TEST OIL
ORIGIN GETS GENERATED FROM LUBE OIL AT OVER SPEED TRIP TEST VALVE.

FUNCTION IT IS THE INJECTION OIL FOR OPERATING THE FLY BALL OF MECHANICAL OVER SPEED TRIP DEVICE.

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Startup & Load Limiting Device


AUX. SECONDARY OIL

AUX. STARTUP OIL 8 BAR CONTROL FLUID STARTUP OIL

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PRIMARY OIL PMI Revision 00 TRIP OIL

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Main Trip Valve Operating Mechanism


TRIP OIL

TESTOIL

CONTROL OIL AUX. STARTUP OIL AUX. TRIP OIL CONTROL OIL CONTROL OIL

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HYDRAULIC AMPLIFIER
SECONDARY OIL

AUX. SECONDARY OIL

CONTROL OIL

TRIP OIL

CONTROL OIL

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Governing Oil
Name of oil Control oil Aux Start up oil Start up oil Aux trip oil Trip oil Primary oil Aux pipeline colour source yellow MOP/AOP Orange white Filtered oil Orange do Red white do Red do green

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Features of Load Controller


Changes Turbine Load as per a) Load Set point and Gradient b) TSE Margin Reduces unit load at High Frequency Operation Comes in operation when Unit is running on Boiler Follow Mode ( i.e any change in throttle steam pressure is taken care of by Boiler Control ) Enables House Load Operation subsequent to a full load throw-off

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Features of Speed Controller


Changes Turbine Speed ( only when M/C is not Synchronised ) a) Speed Set point b) TSE Margin deciding the gradient c) Ensures dN/dt monitoring for speed Exclusion range Changes Turbine Load as per controller deviation ( i.e speed set point actual speed )

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Features of Pressure Controller


Maintains Throttle Steam Pressure as per Throttle Steam Pressure Set point a PI Controller comes in action on Turbine

Follow Mode

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THANK YOU

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