Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION
COGNITIVE & BEHAVIOURAL DYSFUNCTION AFTER TBI - MORE DEVASTATING THAN RESIDUAL PHYSICAL DEFICITS FORMAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS ARE STILL PENDING
DOPAMINE
NEURONS CONTAINING DOPAMINE IN THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA/ NIGROSTRIAL PATHWAYS HYPOTHALAMUS MESOCORTICAL/MESOLIMBIC PATHWAYS VENTRAL TEGMENTUM MEDIATE AROUSAL, MENTATION, AS WELL AS MOTOR CONTROL
CHOLINOMIMETIC AGENTS
CONTROVERSY : SHOULD THESE AGENTS ONLY BE USED IN CHRONIC TBI TO IMPROVE COGNITION ? BECAUSE IN ACUTE TBI,CHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY IS IMPLICATED IN THE CASCADE OF NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES LEADING TO NEURONAL DEATH
CHOLINERGIC PRECURSORS
LECITHIN CHOLINE CYTIDINE DIPHOSPHOCHOLINE TRIALS HAVE BEEN DONE TO STUDY POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENT IN MEMORY AFTER TBI & DEMENTIA
CHOLINERGIC PRECURSORS AS COGNITIVE ENHANCING AGENTS CONFLICTING RESULTS IN TBI MODEST COGNITIVE BENEFIT POSITIVE RESULTS PRIMARILY IN YOUNG HEALTHY SUBJECTS EFFECTS OF CHOLINERGIC PRECURSORS IN ALZHEIMERS & VASCULAR DEMENTIA - NOT EVIDENT IN STUDIES
DOSING
16-20 GRAMS PER DAY OF CHOLINE 25 GRAMS OF LECITHIN PER DAY THESE ARE THE MAXIMAL TOLERATED DOSAGES WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT SIDE EFFECTS
CYTIDINE DIPHOSPHOCHOLINE
A METABOLIC INTERMEDIATE DISSOCIATES TO CHOLINE AND CYTIDINE AFTER INGESTION IN MILD & MODERATE TBI,CITICHOLINE PRODUCED IMPROVEMENTS IN RECOGNITION & MEMORY COMPARED TO PLACEBO TREATED SUBJECTS
CITICHOLINE
CALATAYUD, 1991 SINGLE BLIND RANDOMIZED STUDY OF 216 SUBJECTS WITH SEVERE OR MODERATE TBI IN THE ACUTE POST INJURY PERIOD IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTOR, COGNITIVE, AND PSYCHIATRIC FUNCTIONING, DECREASED LENGTH OF STAY IN HOSPITAL
CITICHOLINE IN TBI
SHORTENS COMA DURATION SHORTENS LENGTH OF HOSPITAL STAY IMPROVES GLASCOW OUTCOME SCALE AT DISCHARGE DOSE 250-6000 MG PER DAY
LOZANO, J.NEUROL.SCI., 1991
CITICHOLINE
AVAILABLE AS AN OVER THE COUNTER SUPPLEMENT 250 MG CAPSULES NO FORMAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON DOSAGE ARE AVAILABLE
CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
CARBAMATE TYPE ORGANOPHOSPHATE TYPE CARBAMATE CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS - REVERSIBLE ORGANOPHOSPHATE CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS IRREVERSIBLEUSED FOR BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
PHYSOSTIGMINE
PO, IV, OR IM ADMINSTRATION HALF LIFE OF 30 MINUTES CROSSES BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER SHORT DURATION OF ACTION MAKES IT IMPRACTICAL FOR USE IN TBI PATIENTS A CARBAMATE ANTICHOLINESTERASE
PHYSOSTIGMINE
USE OF PHYSOSTIGMINE IN ALZHEIMERS PATIENTS - MIXED RESULTS, ? IMPROVEMENT LECITHIN 20 MG & PHYSOSTIGMINE 1-8 MG COMBINATION-IMPROVES VERBAL MEMORY AFTER TBI -GOLDBERG ET AL, J.
CLIN.NEUROPSYCH., 1982
DONEPEZIL (ARICEPT)
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR CARBAMATE TYPE CASE STUDIES INVOLVING 9 TBI SUBJECTS IMPROVEMENTS IN MEMORY ON MMSE - WHITLOCK,1999
DONEPEZIL
ZHANG ET AL, 2004 24 WEEK RANDOMIZED PLACEBO CONTROLLED DOUBLE BLIND CROSSOVER TRIAL OF DONEPEZIL 10 MG / DAY IN SUBJECTS 2 24 MONTHS POST INJURY IN 18 SUBJECTS SUBJECTS WERE RLA 6 OR HIGHER TREATMENT GROUP DEMONSTRATED IMPROVED COGNITIVE FUNCTION ON TESTS OF ATTENTION & MEMORY
ARICEPT
WHELAN, 2000 OPEN LABEL TRIAL OF DONEPEZIL IN 53 TBI OUTPATIENTS TREATED WITH 5 10 MG DAILY FOR 12 MONTHS IMPROVEMENTS IN IQ TESTING WERE OBSERVED ON WAIS R
ARICEPT
PROVEN SAFE/ EFFECTIVE IN TREATMENT OF MILD MODERATE ALZHEIMERSIMPROVES MEMORY NO IMPROVEMENT IN ADL DOSE IS 5 MG PO QD FOR FIVE WEEKS, THEN TITRATE UP TO 10 MG PER DAY, IF TOLERATED
GALANTAMINE (REMINYL)
A RECENT CASE REPORT INDICATES IT IS NOT HELPFUL IN TBI (JOHNSON ET AL,PSYCHOSOMATICS, 2007) CARBAMATE ANTICHOLINESTERASE THIS DRUG IMPROVES COGNITIVE FUNCTION & ADL IN PATIENTS WITH MILD - MODERATE ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
GALANTAMINE
IF YOU WANT TO TRY IT IN YOUR PATIENTS START AT 8 MG PER DAY TITRATE UP BY 8 MG INCREMENTS EVERY WEEK TO A MAXIMAL DOSE OF 32 MG PER DAY
RIVASTIGMINE (EXELON)
DOUBLE BLIND PLACEBO CONTROLLED RANDOMIZED TRIAL IN 157 TBI SUBJECTS AT LEAST ONE YEAR POST INJURY
In a subgroup of patients with moderate to severe memory impairment (n = 81), defined as 25% impairment or greater on neuropsychological testing at baseline, rivastigmine was significantly better than placebo in performance on memory testing & visual information processing Small but statistically significant gains were noted
RIVASTIGMINE (EXELON)
IF YOU WANT TO TRY IT FOR YOUR PATIENTS START AT 1.5 MG PO BID INCREASE BY 1.5 MG BID INCREMENTS EVERY 4 WEEKS TILL CLINICAL IMPROVEMENT IS NOTED
CLONIDINE
IN ANIMAL MODELS,IT IMPROVES WORKING MEMORY & REDUCES DISTRACTIBILITY NOT EFFECTIVE IN HUMANS WITH TBI IN STUDIES MIXED OUTCOMES FOR PATIENTS WITH KORSAKOFFS & ALZHEIMERS WITH CLONIDINE
CLONIDINE IN TBI
IN ACUTE TBI,HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON MOTOR RECOVERY USE OF CLONIDINE IN CHRONIC HEMIPLEGIC HUMANS CAN TRANSIENTLY REINSTATE MOTOR DEFICITS SUCH AS HEMIPLEGIA
AMPHETAMINES
CATECOLAMINE AGONISTS, ACT PRIMARILY BY INCREASING DOPAMINE DEXTROAMPHETAMINE (DEXEDRIN) - MOST COMMONLY USED - 0.1- 0.2 MG PER KG TYPICAL STARTING DOSE IN AN ADULT : 5 MG PO BID INCREASE BY 5 10 MG / WEEK STANDARD ADULT DOSE:10 - 60 MG PO QD QUICK ONSET OF ACTION
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE
ADMINISTERED DEXTROAMPHETAMINE 0.1 AND 0.2 MG / KG BODY WEIGHT IMPROVED MEMORY, ATTENTION,PROCESSING SPEED, MOTOR SPEED, & MOOD AFTER TBI IN ONE CASE STUDY (EVANS & GUALTIERI, J.OF NERV.MENTAL DIS,1987) SIDE EFFECTS: TACHYCARDIA, ANXIETY, PALPITATIONS,ANOREXIA SCHEDULE II ON THE DEA PRESCRIPTION FORM DUE TO POTENTIAL FOR ADDICTION
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE
HORNSTEIN ET AL, 1996 : STUDIED 27 ACUTE TBI PATIENTS PLACED ON THIS AGENT DURING ACUTE REHAB 15 / 27 HAD AN IMPROVEMENT ON THE GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE
METHYLPHENIDATE (RITALIN)
INDIRECT CATHECOLAMINE AGONIST- ACTS PRIMARILY TO INCREASE DOPAMINE ENHANCES ATTENTION, AROUSAL,INITITATION ,VIGILANCE SHORT HALF LIFE - DOSE TWICE/DAY SCHEDULE II
METHYLPHENIDATE
SHOWN TO ENHANCE ATTENTION, AROUSAL, SPEED OF PROCESSING & REDUCE ANGER IN TBI SUBJECTS IN A DOUBLE BLIND PLACEBO CONTROLLED CROSSOVER STUDY INVOLVING 19 SUBJECTS IT DID NOT HOWEVER INCREASE MOTOR SPEED OR REDUCE DISTRACTIBILITY DOSE : 0.25 MG/KG BID (WHYTE ET AL, ARCHIVES OF PM&R, 1997) SHOWN TO ENHANCE INITIATION & AROUSAL IN 2 MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS PATIENTS (LABORDE & WHYTE,J. OF HEAD TRAUMA REHAB,1997)
METHYLPHENIDATE
SHOWN TO IMPROVE ATTENTION, VIGILANCE, MOTOR PERFORMANCE & DISABILITY RATING SCORES IN 23 SUBACUTE TBI SUBJECTS BY DAY 30 IN A 30 DAY DOUBLE BLIND PLACEBO CONTROLLED STUDY (PLENGER ET AL., ARCHIVES OF PM&R,1996) IT WAS NOTED HOWEVER THAT THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TREATMENT GROUP AND THE PLACEBO GROUP IN TERMS OF OUTCOME MEASURES BY DAY 90 THIS SUGGESTS THE METHYLPHENIDATE IMPROVES THE RATE OF RECOVERY
METHYLPHENIDATE
SHOWN TO IMPROVE ATTENTION & THE DISABILITY RATING SCALE IN 11 ACUTE TBI SUBJECTS IN A PROSPECTIVE STUDY AT A DOSE OF 15 MG PO BID (KAELIN ET AL.,
ARCHIVES OF PM&R, 1996)
METHYLPHENIDATE
SIDE EFFECTS: TACHYCARDIA, HYPERTENSION, ANOREXIA, OVERSTIMULATION, INSOMNIA OVERALL LOWER SEIZURE INCIDENCE OBSERVED IN TBI PATIENTS WITH SEIZURE HX.WHILE ON RITALIN
WROBLEWSKI ET AL, J. CLIN. PSYCH., 1992
METHYLPHENIDATE IN TBI
DOUBLE BLIND PLACEBO CONTROLLED CROSSOVER STUDY 15 ADULTS WITH SEVERE TBI WITH METHYLPHENIDATE 0.15 MG/KG BID, AND 0.3 MG/KG BID RESULT : TREND TOWARDS IMPROVED MOOD, IMPROVED ATTENTION, LESS DISTRACTIBILITY IN STUDY SUBJECTS NO IMPROVEMENTS IN MEMORY, PROCESSING SPEED, OR SOCIAL INTERACTION NO IMPROVEMENTS IN MEMORY, PROCESSING SPEED, OR SOCIAL INTERACTION GUALTIERI & EVANS, 1988
METHYLPHENIDATE IN CHILDREN
MAHALICK ET AL, 1998 : CROSSOVER STUDY OF 14 CHILDREN AGE 5 14 WITH MILD MODERATE TBI DOSE : 0.3 MG/KG BID STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENTS IN VIGILANCE, PROCESSING SPEED, AND REDUCTIONS IN DISTRACTIBILITY
BROMOCRIPTINE
ERGOT DERIVATIVE MIXED DOPAMINERGIC AGONIST & ANTAGONIST PROPERTIES AT LOW DOSES, ACTS AS A PRESYNAPTIC D2 RECEPTORS AGONIST - INHIBITS DOPAMINE RELEASE A HIGHER DOSES - ACTS AS A DIRECT AGONIST AT POST SYNAPTIC RECEPTORS AUGMENTS DOPAMINERGIC FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTION DOSING : START AT 2.5 MG / DAY AND TITRATE UP **DOES NOT HAVE AN EFFECT ON AFFECTIVE LABILITY OR MOOD DISORDER POST TBI**
BROMOCRIPTINE
IN 1 CASE STUDY, BROMOCRIPTINE
DECREASED RETROGRADE AMNESIA IMPROVED VERBAL LEARNING MEMORY / DAILY RECALL IN A PATIENT WITH MEDIOBASAL FOREBRAIN INJURY (DOBKIN ET AL., ANNALS
OF NEUROLOGY, 1993)
BROMOCRIPTINE
IMPROVED FRONTAL LOBE MEDIATED COGNITIVE FUNCTION & MOTIVATION IN 11 TBI SUBJECTS
POWELL ET AL., JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, NEUROSURGERY, PSYCHIATRY,1996
BROMOCRIPTINE
IMPROVED EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND INITIATION
ZAFONTE ET AL., J. OF HEAD TRAUMA REHAB, 2001
BROMOCRIPTINE-SIDE EFFECTS
NAUSEA HALLUCINATIONS/ PSYCHOSIS MOVEMENT DISORDERS ABDOMINAL CRAMPS SYNCOPE NAUSEA VOMITING CANNOT BE USED IN PTS. WITH :
UNCONTROLLED HTN **PTS WHO ARE BREASTFEEDING** THOSE WHO ARE SENSITIVE TO ERGOT ALKALOIDS SAFE FOR USE IN PREGNANCY
LEVODOPA / CARBIDOPA
SHOWN TO IMPROVE EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN TBI PATIENTS IN PLACEBO CONTROLLED TRIALS
ZAFONTE ET AL., J. OF HEAD TRAUMA REHAB, 2001
LEVODOPA
SHOWN TO REDUCE NEUROGENIC FATIGUE IN 12 TBI SURVIVORS (COMMON AFFECTS 80% OF TBI PTS.) PATIENTS ALSO HAD IMPROVED ALERTNESS, CONCENTRATION, MEMORY, MOBILITY, POSTURE, SPEECH, AS WELL AS LESS SIALORRHEA & HYPOMANIA
LAL ET AL., BRAIN INJURY, 1988
LEVODOPA
DOSAGE 10/100 MG BID TID, TITRATE UP TO 25/250 MG QID IF NECESSARY SIDE EFFECTS:
HYPOTENSION / HYPERTENSION ARRYTHMIAS NAUSEA / VOMITING /ANOREXIA DYSTONIA / ATAXIA DYSKINESIA HALLUCINATIONS PARANOIA / PSYCHOSIS ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION / DIZZINESS CAN ALSO TRY THE COMTAN / LEVODOPA /CARBIDOPA COMBINATION DRUG, STALEVO 200 MG PO TID
SELEGILINE
MAOI B INHIBITOR AT LOW DOSES MAOI A & B INHIBITOR AT HIGHER DOSES USED AS AN ADJUNCT IN MANAGEMENT OF PARKINSONS DISEASE - 5 MG PO BID ANECDOTAL REPORTS OF ITS SUCCESSFUL USE IN TBI PATIENTS STUDIES IN TBI PENDING, IMPROVES MEMORY/ ATTENTION IN ALZHEIMERS SUBJECTS
NIMODIPINE
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER SELECTIVE FOR CEREBRAL VESSELS PREVENTS ISCHEMIC INJURY CAUSED BY VASOCONSTRICTION AFTER SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
NIMODIPINE
SIDE EFFECTS: DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS ELEVATED LFTS
NIMODIPINE
EFFICACY IN TBI OTHER THAN THAT PRODUCED BY SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE IS NOT WELL STUDIED DOSE IS 90 MG PO QD
GINKGO BILOBA
HERBAL MEDICATION FREE RADICAL SCAVENGER SUPPRESSES PLATELET AGGREGATION FACTOR INCREASES REVASCULARIZATION OF ISCHEMIC TISSUE
GINKGO BILOBA
IN NORMAL HUMANS,GINKGO INCREASES SHORT TERM MEMORY DECREASES REACTION TIME INCREASES SPEED OF INFORMATION PROCESSING POSITIVE EFFECT ON ATTENTION & MEMORY IN ALZHEIMERS & MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA
GINGKO BILOBA
EFFECT IN TBI NOT KNOWN DOSES TYPICALLY 120-600 MG PER DAY
NEUROPEPTIDES
VASOPRESSIN IS THE MOST FREQUENTLY STUDIED IN NORMAL HUMANS,1 MG PO QD FOR TWO WEEKS IMPROVED.. INITIAL STORAGE OF ABSTRACT WORDS REDUCED RXN. TIME FOR SCREENING DIGITS EFFECTS PERSISTED AFTER DISCONTINUATION OF VASOPRESSIN
VASOPRESSIN
VASOPRESSIN TRIALS IN TBI SURVIVORS WITH POST TRAUMATIC AMNESIA INCONCLUSIVE RESULTS JENKINS ET AL., LANCET, 1981 KOCH-HENDRICKSON ET AL, LANCET, 1981
PEMOLINE
SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENT KNOWN AS CYLERT INDIRECT ACTING CATECHOLAMINE STIMULANT SCHEDULE II DEA DUE TO ADDICTIVE POTENTIAL
PEMOLINE
PROVEN EFFECTIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER NO EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT ITS USE IN TBI AT THIS TIME DOSE : 2-3 MG / KG OF BODY WEIGHT
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS
PROTRIPTYLINE,AMITRIPTYLINE,& DESIPRAMINE IMPROVE AROUSAL & INITIATION IN CHRONIC TBI PATIENTS REINHARD ET AL., ARCHIVES OF PM&R,1996 WROBLEWSKI ET AL., BRAIN INJURY,1993
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS
IN ACUTE TBI, TRICYCLICS IMPROVE RXN. TIMES IN PTS. WITH POST TRAUMATIC AMNESIA AMITRIPTYLINE 50 MG PO QD DESIPRAMINE 50-75 MG PO QD PROTRIPTYLINE 15-50 MG PO QD MYSIW ET AL.,ARCHIVES OF PM&R,1986
AMANTADINE IN TBI
CENTRAL DOPAMINERGIC AGONIST MECHANISM OF ACTION: UNCLEAR USED FOR TREATMENT OF EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS SECONDARY TO ANTIPSYCHOTICS INFLUENZA A FATIGUE IN MS PATIENTS PARKINSONS DISEASE START AT 50 MG / DAY AND TITRATE UP BY 100 MG / DAY WEEKLY TO MAX DOSE OF 400 MG / DAY
AMANTADINE
IN TBI, AMANTADINE IMPROVES..
FATIGUE VISUAL ATTENTION SPEED OF INFORMATION PROCESSING CONCENTRATION ENHANCED PARTICIPATION IN THERAPY REDUCED DISTRACTIBILITY ALSO IMPROVES :
ABULIA MUTISM ANHEDONIA PERSEVERATION AGITATION
3 DAY COURSE OF AMANTADINE REDUCED MORTALITY & IMPROVED GCS SANIOVA ET AL, J. NEURAL TRANSMISSION,
2004
AMANTADINE
REDUCED NEUROGENIC FATIGUE IN TBI PATIENTS
NICKELS ET AL., BRAIN INJURY,1994
AMANTADINE-SIDE EFFECTS
WELL TOLERATED AT DOSES LESS THAN 400 MG PER DAY ADVERSE EFFECTS:
INSOMNIA/ IRRITABILITY DIZZINESS ANXIETY/ANOREXIA LOWERS SEIZURE THRESHOLD - MAY PRECIPITATE PSYCHOSIS / MANIA / HALLUCINATIONS LIVEDO RETICULARIS
MODAFINIL
MARKETED TO TREAT NARCOLEPSY & FATIGUE SECONDARY TO ..
MS PARKINSONS SLEEP APNEA NARCOTICS
MODAFINIL
MECHANISM OF ACTION IS UNCLEAR MAY ACT BY INCREASING NOREPINEPHRINE LEVELS IMPROVES AROUSAL & ALERTNESS IN NON INJURED SUBJECTS ELOVIC HAS SUGGESTED THAT THIS AGENT MAY BE USEFUL IN UNDERAROUSAL STATES POST TBI DOSE : 100 400 MG PO Q AM
MODAFANIL
TEITELMAN, 2001 STUDIED 10 TBI OUTPATIENTS IN AN OPEN LABEL STUDY WITH 100 400 MG / DAY SUBJECTS HAD NON PENETRATING BRAIN INJURIES & EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SLEEPINESS SUBJECTS DESCRIBED IMPROVEMENTS IN SLEEPINESS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN ATTENTION TREATMENT INTOLERANCE DEVELOPED IN SOME PATIENTS IN THE FORM OF EMOTIONAL INSTABILITY WHILE ON THE DRUG
MODAFINIL
SIDE EFFECTS:
HEADACHE GASTROINTESTINAL DISTURBANCES ANXIETY HALLUCINATIONS CONTRAINDICATED IN PTS. WITH ANGINA AND RECENT MI
MEMANTINE
LOW AFFINITY NMDA RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST FDA APPROVED FOR TREATMENT OF COGNITIVE DECLINE IN ALZHEIMERS NO STUDIES OF THIS AGENT IN TBI TO DATE
ATOMOXETINE (Strattera)
NEW AGENT USED FOR ADHD IN CHILDREN NOT STUDIED IN TBI YET HIGHLY SELECTIVE INHIBITOR OF NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE WEAK DOPAMINERGIC EFFECT 40 MG PO DAY IS STARTING DOSE INCREASE TO 80 MG / DAY SIDE EFFECTS : INSOMNIA, MANIA, ANOREXIA
TRAZADONE
HETEROCYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT USED TO RESTORE NORMAL SLEEP/WAKE CYCLES IN TBI PTS. BLOCKS SEROTONIN REUPTAKE, INCREASES SEROTONIN IN RAPHE NUCLEUS- AREA WHICH CONTROLS SLEEP & MOOD START IT AFTER COMPILING A SLEEP DIARY DOSE 50 100 MG PO Q HS