STATICS

BY ENGR. JORGE P. BAUTISTA

COURSE OUTLINE
I. Principles of statics II. Equilibrium of force systems III. Analysis of structures IV. Noncoplanar, parallel forces V. Frictional forces VI. Forces in space VII.Centroids and center of gravity VIII. Moment of inertia

References
Engineering Mechanics, 2nd ed, Singer Engineering Mechanics: Statics, 2nd ed, Hibbeler Vector Mechanics for Engineers, 7th ed, Beer and Eisenberg

Mechanics can be defined as a branch of the physical sciences concerned with the state of rest and motion of bodies that are subjected to the action of forces. In general, this subject is subdivided into three branches: rigid body mechanics, deformable body mechanics and fluid mechanics. The mechanics of rigid bodies is subdivided into statics and dynamics, the former deals with bodies at rest or move at constant velocity while the latter with bodies in motion.

Basic Quantities: Length, time, mass, force Idealization: Particle it has a mass but a size that can be neglected. For example, the size of the earth is insignificant compare to the size of its orbit, therefore the earth can be modeled as a particle when studying its orbital motion.

Rigid body it can be considered as a combination of a large number of particles in which all the particles remain at a fixed distance from one another both before and after applying a load. As a result, the material properties of any body that is assumed to be rigid will not have to be considered when analyzing the forces acting on the body. It will not deform under load.

Concentrated force it represents the effect of a loading which is assumed to act at a point on a body. Newton s Three Laws of Motion 1st law: A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line with constant velocity, will remain in this state provided the particle is not subjected to an unbalanced force.

2nd law: A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F experiences an acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force. If F is applied to a particle of mass m, this law may be expressed mathematically as F = ma 3rd law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two particles are equal, opposite and colinear.

Newton s law of gravitation: This states that two particles of mass m1 and m2 are mutually attracted with equal and opposite forces F and F. F = G m1m2 / r2 Where r = distance between the two particles G = universal constant called constant of gravitation

We can develop an approximate expression for finding the weight W of a particle having a mass m1 = m. if we assume the earth to be nonrotating sphere of constant density and having mass m2 = Me, then if r is the distance between the earth s center and the particle, we have W = G mMe / r2 Then let g = Gme / r2

This will yield to W = mg

Force Vectors
Scalar a quantity characterized by a positive or negative number for example mass, volume and length Vector it s a quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction. In statics, the vector quantities frequently encountered are position, force and moment

addition/subtraction of vectors Two vectors A and B such as force or position. It may be added to form a "resultant" vector R = A + B by using parallelogram law

A R=A +B B

or by triangle construction A B R= A + B

Vector A and its negative counterpart

A -A

Vector S ubtraction A B

R = A - B = A + ( -B) A -B -B R A

multiplication and division of vectors The product of vector A and scalar x yields xA, is defined as a vector having a magnitude /xA/. the sense of xA is the same as A provided x is a positive; it is opposite to A if x is negative. Division of vector by a scalar can be defined using the laws of multiplication, since A/x = (1/x)A, x should not be equal to zero - 2A 2A A 0.5A

Examples
1. The screw in the figure is subjected to two forces F1 and F2. determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.

2. Resolve the 200N force acting on the pipe in the given figure into components in the a. x and y directions and b. x and y direction.

3. The force F acting on the frame has a magnitude of 500N and is to be resolved into two components acting along members AB and AC. Det. the angle , measured below the horizontal, so that the component FAC is directed from A toward C and has a magnitude of 400N.

4. Two forces act on a given bolt. Determine their resultant.

5. A barge is pulled by two tugboats. If the resultant of the forces exerted by the tugboats is a 4400 lbs force directed along the axis of the barge, determine a) the tension in each rope knowing that = 60o and b) the value of for which the tension in rope 2 is minimum.

6. The ring shown in the figure is subjected to two forces. If ti is required that the resultant force have a magnitude of 1.8N and be directed vertically downwards, det. a) the magnitude of the two forces provided = 30o and b) the magnitude of the two forces if F2 is to be minimum.

Rectangular Components of a Force

It is also possible to represent the components of a force in terms of cartesian unit vectors. In two dimensions, the cartesian unit vectors I and j are used to designate the direction of the x and y axes respectively. As shown in the preceding slide the figure of two vectors. These vectors have a dimensionless magnitude of unity and their sense(arrowhead) will be discribed by a plus or minus sign. Therefore we can expressed F as F = Fx i + Fy j

And the same way as in the next figure F = F x i + F y (-j) or F = F x i F y j

Coplanar Force Resultant

Consider the three concurrent forces in the figure, which have x and y components as shown. To solve this problem using cartesian vector notation, each force is represented as a cartesian vector. F1 = F1x i + F1y j F2 = F2x i + F2y j F3 = F3x i + F3y j

For scalar notation, FRx = F1x + F2x + F3x = Fx Fry = F1y + F2y + F3y = Fy FR = (FRx2 + FRy2 ) = tan-1 | FRy / FRx|

Example
1. A force of 500N is exerted on a bolt as shown. Determine the horizontal and vertical component of the force.

2. A man pulls with a force of 300N on a rope attached to a building as shown. What are the horizontal and vertical component of the force?

3. Determine the x and y component of F1 and F2 acting on the boom shown. Express each force as a cartesian vector.

4. Four forces act on a bolt as given. Det. the resultant of the forces on the bolt.

Assignment no. 1
Vector Mechanics for Engineers by Beers pp. 25-27 nos 5,6,9,10,11,14,19,20 pp. 33-35 nos 23,25,26,27,37,38,41