Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WAN MOHD IZZAT BIN HJ. WAN NORAZMEE MUHAMMAD EHSAN BIN HJ. ABD. HALIM
PISMP-IPGM F5 SCIENCE SEMESTER 5 IPG IPOH
Guidance lecturer:
DEFINITION
o Morpheme is an element of word structure. o Allomorph is various form of same morphemes. o The study of meaning in individual units of language @ the identification, analysis and description of the structure of words o It is concerned with the structure of words. o The smallest unit of meaning is a morpheme. o Morphemes can be classified as either free or bound.
WAN MOHD IZZAT 2010 2
STUDY OF MORPHEME
MORPHEMES
FREE ALLOMORPHS
BOUND
DERIVATIONAL
INFECTIONAL
FREE MORPHEME
o A unit of meaning which can stand alone or alongside another free or bound morpheme. o These are usually individual words, such as: i. Lid ii. Sink iii. Air iv. Car
BOUND MORPHEME
o A unit of meaning which can only exist alongside a free morpheme. o These are most commonly prefixes and suffixes: i. ii. iii. iv. ungrateful Insufficient childish goodness
DERIVATIONAL MORPEHEME
o Derivation is used to form new words, as with happiness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. o A contrast is intended with the process of inflection, which uses another kind of affix in order to form variants of the same word, as with determine / determine-s / determin-ing / determin-ed. o Derivational morphemes can be added to a word to create (derive) another word.
WAN MOHD IZZAT 2010 8
DERIVATIONAL MORPEHEME
o A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one syntactic category and changes them into words of another syntactic category. o For example, the English derivational suffix -ly changes adjectives into adverbs (slow slowly).
DERIVATIONAL MORPEHEME
Some examples of English derivational suffixes: adjective-to-noun adjective-to-verb noun-to-adjective noun-to-verb verb-to-adjective verb-to-noun (abstract) verb-to-noun (concrete) : -ness (slow slowness) : -ise (modern modernise) : -al (recreation recreational) : -fy (glory glorify) : -able (drink drinkable) : -ance (deliver deliverance) : --er (write-writer)
10
DERIVATIONAL MORPEHEME
o Although derivational affixes do not necessarily modify the syntactic category, they modify the meaning of the base. o In many cases, derivational affixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning: modern modernize ("to make modern"). o The modification of meaning is sometimes predictable: Adjective + ness the state of being (Adjective); (white whiteness)
WAN MOHD IZZAT 2010 11
DERIVATIONAL MORPEHEME
o A prefix (write re-write; lord over-lord) will rarely change syntactic category in English. The derivational prefix un- applies to adjectives (healthy unhealthy), some verbs (do undo), but rarely nouns. o A few exceptions are the prefixes en- and be-. En(em- before labials) is usually used as a transitive marker on verbs, but can also be applied to adjectives and nouns to form transitive verb: circle (verb) encircle (verb); but rich (adj) enrich (verb), large (adj) enlarge (verb), rapture (noun) enrapture (verb), slave (noun) enslave (verb).
WAN MOHD IZZAT 2010 12
DERIVATIONAL MORPEHEME
o Derivation may occur without any change of form, for example telephone (noun) and to telephone. o This is known as conversion or zero derivation. Some linguists consider that when a word's syntactic category is changed without any change of form, a null morpheme is being affixed.
13
o Creates an awareness of meaning at a sub-lexical level. That is, we can deconstruct a word and consider its component parts. o The stems, roots, prefixes, and suffixes of words can be recognized. This can throw light on etymology (the origins of the word) thus giving us more power to communicate efficiently.
14
Free morphemes are units of meaning which cannot be split into anything smaller, as in the following examples: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Tree Gate Pillow Butter Flower Rhinoceros
WAN MOHD IZZAT 2010 15
However, the terms 'gate', 'butter' and 'flower' can also exist alongside another free morpheme. The following examples comprise two free morphemes:
16
The following words are made up of two free morphemes or components which could stand alone and retain their meaning. i. ii. iii. iv. Inkwell Mothball Sunflower Slapstick
18
Morpheme = an element of word structure -the smallest unit of grammatical function/analysis, the next unit of grammatical importance is the word. Allomorph = Various form of same morphemes. Syntax = Internal grammatical structure of phrases, clauses, & sentences Semantic = study of meaning of words Pragmatics = Word association & connotation Morphology = the study of word form Phonology = the study of the function & organization of sounds in a particular language. A morpheme can be a word, whilst a word is not necessarily a morpheme but may consist of many morphemes.
WAN MOHD IZZAT 2010 21
Part of speech
Morpheme
Function
3rd function Singular (he, she, it) (present tense) Past tense Past participle Progressive aspect / continuous Plural
Example
[s]
Proves
Verb
noun Adjective
Comparative Superlative
WAN MOHD IZZAT 2010
Derivation = is a affix used to change form & meaning from a lexical point with a change in part of speech. E.g; noun[Universe] become adjective [Universal], add suffix [ity] becomes [universality]
23