You are on page 1of 29

Development of ophthalmic products

ophthalmic

The ophthalmic are sterile dosage forms to be administered on to the surface of the eye for the local effect

Ideal characters of ophthalmic dosage forms


    

They should be free from foreign particles They should be sterile Ph of the preparation should not cause any irritation to the eye The preparation should be isotonic with lachyhrimal fluids The viscosity of the ophthalmic should be proper enough as to prolong the contact of the drug with eye

Ophthalmic solutions


Ophthalmic solutions are sterile solution of drugs meant to be instilled to the eye cavity

They are of 2 types a) eye drops b)eye lotions

Eye drops
           

Eye drops are aqueous are oily solutions administered in the form of the drops in to the conjunctiva sac Ex-physiostygmine eye drops,phenylephrine eye drops. Formulation: Requirements: Stabilizers: Antioxidants Buffers Chelating agents Preservatives Thickening agents(viscosifiers) Tonicity agents Vehicles

Stabilizers


 

Antioxidants :they prevent the oxidation during the storage conditions to keep them stable Ex-sodium thiosulphate ,sodium meta bisulphate Buffers:they maintain the ph of the solution at the desired point with out any change normally buffers of low ph are used They also maintain the chemical stability of the drug ex-boric acid ,sodium citrate buffer

Chelating agents


  

Chelating agents complexes with metals and prevent their catalyting activity upon the oxidation They also improve the preservative activity Ex-benzykonium chloride EDTA

Preservatives


These are the chemical substances are used which have the property to prevent the spoilage of the preparation due to the microbial growth  Characteristics of the ideal preservative  It should be nonirritating to the eye membrane it should be stable thought the shelf life of the product  It should have broad spectrum of activity Ex-chloral butanol,benzylkonum chloride

Thickening agents (viscosifying agents)




    

Thickening prolong the contact time between the drug and the eye,their by increasing the therapeutic action Ex-hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose,povidine Requirements of a viscosifier It should give a clear solution The solution of the viscosfier should be easily filterable It should not alter the activity of the drugs

Tonicity agents
The agents make the solution isotonic with lachrymal fluid  Tonicity of the solutions depend upon the nature and amount of solutes present  Ex- dextrose,Nacl  Vehile  The vehicle serves as the medium for the preparation of formulation  The ph of the vehicle should be adjusted to retain the maximum stability of the drug and therapeutic activity  It should be fungicidal or bactericidal in nature ex-boric acid vehicle (ph-4.7) isotonic phosphate


Eye lotions
Eye lotions are aqueous solutions meant to be instilled in to the eye cavity for cleaning purpose The eye lotions are supplied in the concentrated form and required to be diluted with warm water immediately before use They are require to prepare fresh and should not be stored more than 2 days as the lotion may get contaminated with micro organisms ex-Nacl,NaHCo3 eye lotions

Eye suspensions
      

The eye suspensions prepared only those cases when the drug is insoluble in the desired vehicle They are also used to produce sustain action of the preparation Essential characteristics of eye suspension They should be sterile They should have desired viscosity They should be isotonic They should be shaken thoroughly before use in order to distribute the drug particle uniformly

formulation
   

Buffers ex:boric acid Preservatives ex:chloro butanal Suspending agents At low concentrations polymers acts as the protective colloids and suspend the insoluble solids in vehicle for long time At high concentrations they decrease rate of setting of the suspended of particles and there by improve the physical stability Ex-methyl cellulose,hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose

wetting agents


 

They reduce the interfacial tension between solid particles and liquid medium They displace the air from the surface of the hydrophobic substances and permit water to surround the particles Surfactants with hlb value between 7&9 acts as the destining agents They are used in the low concentration of 0.05-5% Ex- polysorbate ,polyoxy ethylebe dervatives

Flocculating agents


 

they prevent the formation of hard sediments of the solids and provide easy radioperson of any settled particles ex hydrophilic polymers Vehicle Purified water used as a vehicle

eye ointments
     

   

They are sterile preparations meant for application to eye The ophthalmic ointments are semi solid dosage forms These are prepared under the aseptic conditions Formulation Bases: It is anhydrous and incorporates an oleo genus base and mineral oil which in the proportion to obtain the desired consistency and melting temperature Composition of most commonly used base is Yellow soft paraffin-80 parts Liquid paraffin-10 parts Wool fat-10 parts

  

 

Antioxidants :bht(butylated hydroxy toulene)toccoferal Buffers:sodium acetate,sodium citrate Surfacantants :they are used to soluabilize the drug in the base for ex-polyethylene glycol,poly oxyl 140 sterate Preservative Ex-methyl paraben(0.1-0.2%) proyl paraben(0.04%)

Ophthalmic emulsions
    

Formulation Non aqueous vehicle The drug is dissolved in the non aqueous vehicle excaster oil,arachis oil Emulsifying agents Generally non-ionic surfactants (polysorbates,polyethylene glycol derivatives of sorbitol esters ) are used ex-span-20,span-80,tween-20,tween80

emulsion stabilizers
     

They improve the stability of the emulsion produced by the emulsifying agents Ex-methylcellulose, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose Preservatives Ex -Bezylkonium chloride,chloro butanol Antioxidants Ex-sodium thiosulphate, sodium meta bisulphate

opthalmic gells
 

 

Formulation : Gelling agents:they absorb the water and sweell to give a gel like consistency ex:hpmc,carbomer Preservatives:benzylkonium chloride(0.02%)\ Vehile:purified water

manufacturing considerations of ophthalmic products


    

Requirements of sterile manufacturing personal require ments Environmental control and its evaluation traffic control Cleaning of equipments and sterilization

Personal requirements

The uniform of the employees should be sterile and made of dacron(effective barriers discharged particles They should also wear head covers ,shoe covers,face masks while working the aseptic room Ex:if any worker is suffer from cold he must report it to the higher authority and should be restricted from entering to the aseptic area

environmental control and its evaluation


The environmental control maintained is different for different areas(compounding area,filling ,packing areas) Stringent environmental controlled is required before and during the process of the prenatal Two types of environmental control can be maintained depending on the exposure and the type of process class 10000 It implies that area contains not less than 10000 particles of 0.5micrometer and even larger per cubic feet of air They class can be achieved by the air condition

     

Class 100 It implies that area contains the not less than 100 particles of 0.5 micrometers larger per cubic feet of air These class can be achieved by laminar air flow

Traffic control


The traffic include the supply of the material and entry &exit of the workers in the production area The traffic should be strictly controlled in aseptic rooms They should change their clothes cover the faces with masks wear hand gloves and head covers and shoes

Cleaning of equipments
      

These done to facilitate easy thorough cleaning of the internal structures such as joints ,crevices ,screw threads An effective detergent and stiff brush should be used for cleaning purpose Sterilization Non sterile preparations can cause cornial ulcers and blindness The most common contaminant of ophthalmic belong to the staphylococcus species Sterilization required to remove all forms of micro organisms No preservative can destroy the viruses

sterilization can be achieved through


   

Filtration Gaseous sterilization Moist heat sterilization Radiation sterilization

references
  

Cooper and guns Rm meheta www.ophthalmic.hyperguides.com

Thank you

queries

You might also like