MARTHA ROGERS SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS

Introduction
 Born :May 12, 1914, Dallas, Texas  Diploma :Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing(1936)  Graduation in Public Health Nursing, George Peabody College, TN, 1937  MA :Teachers college, Columbia university, New York, 1945  MPH :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 1952  Doctorate in nursing :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1954  Fellowship: American academy of nursing  Position: Professor Emerita, Division of Nursing, New York University, Consultant, Speaker  Died : March 13 , 1994

Overview of Rogerian model

         Rogers model provides the way of viewing the unitary human being Humans are viewed as integral with the universe The unitary human being and the environment are one ,not dichotomous Nursing focus on people and the manifestations that emerge from the mutual human /environmental field process Change of pattern and organization of the human field and the environmental field is propagated by waves The manifestations of the field patterning that emerge are observable events The identification of the pattern provide knowledge and understanding of human experience Basic characteristics which describes the life process of human :energy field, openness, pattern, and pan dimensionality Basic concepts include unitary human being ,environment, and homeodynamic principles

Concepts of Rogers model

Energy field The energy field is the fundamental unit of both the living and nonliving This energy field "provide a way to perceive people and environment as irreducible wholes" The energy fields continuously varies in intensity, density, and extent

Human field is irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and that cannot be predicted from knowledege of the parts. Environmental field is irreducible, pandimentional energy field identified by a pattern and integral with the human field.

Openness (Universe of Open Systems) The human field and the environmental field are constantly exchanging their energy There are no boundaries or barrier that inhibit energy flow between fields

Pattern Pattern is defined as the distinguishing characteristic of an energy field perceived as a single waves Manifestation: human-environmental mutual process

Pan dimensionality Pan dimensionality is defined as "non linear domain without spatial or temporal attributes" Infinite domain without limit Best expresses the idea of a unitary whole.

Major Assumpstions
Unitary Human Being (person)  A unitary human being is an "irreducible, indivisible, pan dimensional (four-dimensional) energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and which cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts" and "a unified whole having its own distinctive characteristics which cannot be perceived by looking at , describing, or summarizing the parts"  The people has the capacity to participate knowingly and probabilistically in the process of change

Environment The environment is an "irreducible ,pan dimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field" The field coexist and are integral. Manifestation emerge from this field and are perceived.

Health  Rogers defined health as an expression of the life process; they are the "characteristics and behavior emerging out of the mutual, simultaneous interaction of the human and environmental fields"  Health and illness are the part of the sane continuum.  The multiple events taking place along life's axis denote the extent to which man is achieving his maximum health potential and very in their expressions from greatest health to those conditions which are incompatible with the maintaining life process

Nursing  The focus is concerned with people and the world in which they live.  The purpose is to promote health and wellbeing for all people.  The art of nursing is the creative use of science of nursing for human betterment.

Homeodynamic principles
 The principles of homeodynamic postulates the way of perceiving unitary human beings  The fundamental unit of the living system is an energy field Three principle of homeodynamic  Resonancy  Helicy  Integrality

Resonance (Intensity of Change) Resonance is an ordered arrangement of rhythm characterizing both human field and environmental field that undergoes continuous dynamic metamorphosis in the human environmental process

Helicy (Evolution) Helicy describes the unpredictable, but continuous, nonlinear evolution of energy fields as evidenced by non repeating rhythmic ties The principle of Helicy postulates an ordering of the humans evolutionary emergence

Integrality Integrality cover the mutual, continuous relationship of the human energy field and the environmental field . Changes occur by by the continuous repatterning of the human and environmental fields by resonance waves The fields are one and integrated but unique to each other

Five Assumptions
Man is a unified whole possessing his own integrity manifesting characteristics more and different from the sum of its parts. Man and environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy with one another.

The life process evolves irreversibly and unidirectionally along the space-time continuum. Pattern and organization identify man and reflect his innovative wholeness. Man is characterized by his capacity and imagery, language and thought, sensation, and emotion.

Rogerian theories-Grand theories

The theory of accelerating evolution The theory of paranormal phenomena The theory of rhythmicities

Theory of Paranormal Phenomena  This theory focus on the explanations for precognition, djvu, clairvoyance, telepathy, and therapeutic touch  Clairvoyance is rational in a four dimensional human field in continuous mutual, simultaneous interaction with a four dimensional world; there is no linear time nor any separation of human and the environmental fields

The Theory of Accelerating Evolution Theory postulates that evolutionary change is speeding up and that the range of diversity of life process is widening. Rogers explained that higher wave frequencies are associated with accelerating human development

Theory of Rhythmicity  Focus on the human field rhythms  (these rhythms are different from the biological ,psychological rhythm)  Theory deals with the manifestations of the whole unitary man as changes in human sleep wake patterns, indices of human field motion, perception of time passing, and other rhythmic development

CASE STUDY: Charlie Dee is a 56-year-old male with 30year history of smoking two packs of cigarette per day. He is seeing a nurse practitioner, Sandra Gee, for the first time after being diagnosed with COPD.

Mr. Dee states that he has productive cough that is worse in the morning, gets short of breath whenever he is physically active, and always feels tired. He also states that he sleeps shorter and eats less. He does not also think that his wife, like him, smokes, will be amendable to changing her habits or getting rid of her pet cat.

At the end of the visit, Mr. Dee states that he feels better knowing that he has the power to change some things about his life.

Florence Nightingale

Environmental Theory

Religious inspiration called her to focus on the health of the masses

Began her nursing training in 1851 in Germany Pioneered the concept of formal nursing education Her experience in treating sick/injured soldiers in the Crimean War strongly influenced her philosophy of nursing First to use statistics to guide care delivery

Based her ideas on individual, societal, and professional values Her strongest influence was education, observation, and hands-on experience She formulated her values through years of working with charities, hospitals, & the military

The first published nursing theory (1860) Persons are in relation with the environment Stresses the healing properties of the physical environment (fresh air, light, warmth, and cleanliness) Nursing puts patients in the best conditions for nature to act upon them Health is the positive of which the pathology is the negative Nature alone cures

In 1860 Nightingale published Notes on Nursing Considered the first nursing theorist Information on her theory has been obtained through interpretation of her writings Her theory significantly influenced 3 other groups of theories - Adaptation Theory, Need Theory, & Stress Theory

Was a guide to help organize & manipulate the environment for persons requiring nursing care Nightingale originally wanted women to teach themselves to nurse and viewed Notes on Nursing as hints to enable them to do so.

When aspects of the environment are out of balance, the client must use energy to counter these environmental stresses Stresses drain the client of the energy needed for healing Viewed disease as a reparative process The health of the home/community are critical components in an individuals health

Theory basis: the inter-relationship of a healthful environment with nursing

External influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death
Theory goal: Nurses help patients retain their own vitality by meeting their basic needs through control of the environment Nursings Focus: control of the environment for individuals, families & the community

Three Types of Environments

Physical Psychological Social

Physical Environment
Consists of physical elements where the patient is being treated Affects all other aspects of the environment Cleanliness of environment relates directly to disease prevention and patient mortality Aspects of the physical environment influence the social and psychological environments of the person

Psychological Environment
Can be affected by a negative physical environment which then causes STRESS Requires various activities to keep the mind active (i.e, manual work, appealing food, a pleasing environment) Involves communication with the person, about the person, and about other people. Communication

should be therapeutic, soothing, & unhurried!

Social Environment
Involves collecting data about illness and disease prevention Includes components of the physical environment - clean air, clean water, proper drainage Consists of a persons home or hospital room, as well as the total community that affects the patients specific environment

5 Major Components of a Healthful Environmental

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Proper ventilation Adequate light Sufficient warmth Cleanliness Control of noise and Control of effluvia (noxious odors)

Components of Nightingales Environmental Theory:

 Health of Houses  Ventilation and Warming  Light  Noise  Variety  Bed and Bedding  Cleanliness of Rooms and Walls
    

Personal Cleanliness Nutrition and Taking Food Chattering Hopes and Advices Observation of the Sick Social Considerations

PERSON
Referred to by Nightingale as the patient A human being acted upon by a nurse, or affected by the environment Has reparative powers to deal with disease Recovery is in the patients power as long as a safe environment exists

ENVIRONMENT
The foundational component of Nightingales theory The external conditions & forces that affect ones life and development Includes everything from a persons food to a nurses verbal & nonverbal interactions with the patient

HEALTH
Maintained by using a persons healing powers to their fullest extent Maintained by controlling the environmental factors so as to prevent disease Disease is viewed as a reparative process instituted by nature Health & disease are the focus of the nurse Nurses help patients through their healing process

NURSING
Provides fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and a proper diet Facilitates a patients reparative process by ensuring the best possible environment Influences the environment to affect health Supports the nursing process (even though it was not even developed yet!)

Nursing education belongs in the hands of nurses! Nursing is a discipline distinct from medicine focusing on the patients reparative process rather than on their disease!!