Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hina Ramchandani
A KNOT is a particular type of imperfection in piece of a WOOD. They are the Roots or bases of small branches of the tree It is also classified according to their form, size, soundness and the firmness with which they are held in place .
IN clear seasons, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern ,leading to GROWTH RINGS, it can be clearly be seen on the end of log, and also visible on other surfaces .if these seasons are annual these growth rings are referred to ANNUAL RINGS. This ring indicates the no. of years the tree has been around its growth.
STRUCTURE OF WOODS
The trees which grows outwards about the centre are called EXOGENOUS TREES. IF trunk of tree is cut in longitudinal direction , the ANNUAL RINGS can be seen which are useful in predicting the age of tree. The crosssectional parts of tree and their functions are described below: BARK or Outer skin : It is outermost portion of tree . The outer bark protects the tree from high temperature and mechanical harm.
Inner bark : The inner bark covering the cambium layer protects cambium layer from any injury and also supplies food to those parts where it is needed most.
CAMBIUM LAYER : This layer of sap between inner bark and sap wood is
known as CAMBIUM LAYER. This layer makes bark on the outer side and wood on inner side. SAPWOOD : The outer annual rings between cambium layer and heart wood are known as SAP WOOD. It is usually light in color and weight as compared to heartwood. HEARTWOOD : the annual rings between sap wood and pith forms the HEARTWOOD. PITH : It is the innermost portion of tree. It is very soft portion and varies in size and shape . ANNUAL RING : The rings that determine how long a tree will live.
T EE
A T
HARDWOOD
EXOGENOUS
DECIDIOUS
SOFTWOOD
CONIFEROUS
ENDOGENOUS
EN OGENOUS T EES
It is also known as INWARD GROWING TREE . The former is the class of the trees which include all the commercial timbers used for building purpose and the latter class includes such as PALMS and BAMBOOS are not suitable for engineering use . The roots of the trees are generally embedded in earth. Endogenous timber is not suitable as structural timber. Example of endogenous trees are bamboo, palm, cane etc.
EXOGENOUS REES
They grow outwards by the addition of one concentric ring every year. These rings are known as ANNUAL RINGS. Number of such rings indicates the age of tree in a year. Timber obtained from these trees is useful for Engineering purposes. Exogenous trees have two groups. 1. CONIFERS 2. DECIDUOUS CONIFERS : They are known as Evergreen trees because leaves of these Trees fall only after new leaves are grown. They have pointed leaves. Chair, pine, deodar etc. belong to this group. Wood obtained from these trees is soft, light colored, resinous and weak. They show distinct annual rings. DECIDIOUS : There are Broad leaf trees. Leaves fall in autumn and new leaves grow in spring. They have no distinct, annual ring. This wood is hard, coarse grained, heavy, durable, dark, colored and non-resinous teak sal, shisham etc. belong to this group.
HARDWOOD
Hardwood trees are generally BROADLEAF trees. These tree species are Deciduous, retaining their leaves only in one growing season. they loose their leaves only in winter The designation hardwood trees does not necessarily relate to the hardness of the wood. Typical hardwood trees include ash, elms, oak, maple, walnut, hickory, mahogany, and walnut. Woods grown in tropical climates are generally hardwoods. They continually grow till they mature i.e 50 or more years. Hardwood have shorter fibers compared to softwood. Some hardwoods are evergreen.
SOFTWOOD
Softwoods are one of the botanical groups of trees that has persistent needle-like or scale-like leaves ; softwoods are Coniferous trees which are evergreen keeping their leaves throughout the year and have longer-length fibers than hardwoods. Softwood trees include pines, spruces, firs , cedars. The yew is one of the few softwoods that is native to the UK. There are a number of softwoods (yew)that are harder and tougher than many hardwoods. Larches, including tamarack, are exceptions, being deciduous "softwoods".
Properties
Found in regions
Trees supplying hardwood are found throughout the world from the boreal and taiga forests of the north to the tropics and down into the far south.
Annual Rings
In this wood ,rings are near to each other and are more in nos. Hardwood burn hardly, it takes more time to burn. Hardwood trees comes from deciduous trees, which has broad leaf. it is more dense. Used for trimmings and furniture but less frequently then softwood. Hardwood is typically more expensive then softwood Hardwood has a slower growth rate
In this wood ,rings are scarce and far from each other. It burns quickly, and it doesn't take more time.
Structure
Softwood comes from conifers trees, usually has pointed leaf. Usually it is less dense. Widely used as woodware for building (homes/ cabins) and furniture. Softwood is typically less expensive compared to hardwood Softwood has a faster rate of growth
Applications
Cost
Growth rate
Construction Wood can be cut into straight planks and made into a wood flooring. The Saitta House, Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, New York built in 1899 is made of and decorated in wood.
Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, houses and boats. Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. It is also used in woodcut printmaking, and for engraving. Certain types of musical instruments, such as those of the violin family, the guitar, the clarinet and recorder, the xylophone, and the marimba, are made mostly or entirely of wood.
Engineered wood Wood used in construction includes products such as glued laminated timber (glulam), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallam and I-joists. On the one hand these allow the use of smaller pieces, and on the other hand allow bigger spans. They may also be selected for specific projects such as public swimming pools or ice rinks where the wood will not deteriorate in the presence of certain chemicals. These engineered wood products prove to be more environmentally friendly, and sometimes cheaper, than building materials such as steel or concrete.
Further developments include new lignin glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites.
Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, including chairs and beds. Also for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon. Artists can use wood to create delicate sculptures. String instruments like Bow is also made from brazilwood.
In January 2010 Italian scientists announced that wood could be harnessed to become a bone substitute. It is likely to take at least five years until this technique will be applied for humans
SEASONING OF WOOD
Seasoning is the process of drying out the timber to a moisture content approximately equal to average humidity of situation where it is to be used. Seasoning of wood is the process of removing down the natural moisture content of wood, seasoning should the planned in such a way that evaporation of water from the outer layer and the movement of water from the interior to the outer surface in balanced. It has mainly 2 methods : NATURAL METHOD. ARTIFICIAL METHOD
ADVANTAGES OF SEASONING
Seasoning makes wood resistive against decay due to borers, termites, fungi etc. Reduces weight to wood and hence saves cost of transportation. Makes wood strong, stiff and hard makes wood receptive for paint, varnishes and preservative. Reduce shrinkage of wood. Makes wood easily workable. Reduce chances of warping and cracking of wood. Increases resistive power of wood electricity. Wood can be easily used as fuel. Increases durability of wood.
NATU AL SEASONING
The traditional method of seasoning timber was to stack it in air and let the heat of atmosphere and the natural air movement around the stacked timber remove the moisture. The process has undergone a number of refinements over the years that have made it more efficient and reduced the quantity of wood that was damaged by drying too quickly near the ends in air seasoning.
The BASIC PRINCIPLE is to stack timber so that plenty of air can circulate around each piece. The timber is stacked with wide spaces between each piece horizontally, and with strips of wood between each layer ensuring that there is a vertical seperation too. It is necessarily a slow process, particularly for hardwoods, typically taking 6 to 9 months to reach moisture .
Air seasoning is the method used with the timber stacked in the open air.
ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL SEASONING Requires minimum supervision. Economical. Suitable for thick as well as thin sections. Draw backs: Process is slow. Takes 1 to 4 years for seasoning. No control over neutral air. Moisture content cannot be brought to desired level. There are chances of attack of insects, fungi during seasoning. During is not uniform. More space is required.
ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL SEASONING Reduction in seasoning period Seasoning up to desired moisture content Possibility of different drying condition for different types of wood. Reduction of different cracking, warping, shrinking during seasoning. No changes of attack by insects. Even and uniform drying.
KILN SEASONING Seasoning kiln is a closed air tight space, fitted with heating devices and water or steam supply. Temperature is controlled by heating air. These are two types of kiln. Progressive Compartment 1. Progressive kiln: Wood is kept in air gaps in between, in carriage which travels from one end of kiln to other. Hot air is blown from the other end which moves in the direction opposite to the movement of the wood.
2. Compartment kiln:
Wood is kept in air tight shed with sufficient air gap in between planks, for air circulation. Temperature is low and humidity is more in initial stage. After some time temperature is raised, humidity is reduced; air circulation is now made faster.
SEASONING BY BOILING Wood is immersed in water is kept boiling for four to five hours. Sap is washed out. Wood is taken kept under shed for drying. This is a quick seasoning method but strength and elasticity of wood are reduces strength of wood. It is not commercial.
WATER SEASONING Wood is cut in to pieces and pieces are kept immersed in running water. After 2 to 4 week period the pieces are taken out dried under shed. Sap of the wood gets washed away. Planks are less liable to wrap or crack but the wood becomes brittle and weak. This wood cant be used frequently due to its weakness.
CHEMICAL SEASONING
In this method ,the wood is immersed in solution of suitable salt which absorbs the moisture content from inside of timber. The timber is then taken out and seasoned by ordinary way ( air seasoning) . Since the interior surface of wood dries in advance of exterior one and therefore, the chances of formation of external cracks are reduced.
ELECTRICAL SEASONING
It is a fact that a green wood offers less resistance to the flow of electric current as compared to a dry wood. In other words, a hard wood offers more resistance to the flow of current than a softwood since resistance of current is inversely proportional to the moisture content in the wood. Therefore high frequency alternating currents which produce heat are used to dry out the timber. This method is costly so it cant be used on large scale.
TYPES OF WOOD.
SOFTWOOD Shevan Sycamor Devdar (fir tree) Limbado Newzealand White beach Steam beach Mango Kapoor (red sal)
HARDWOOD Mahogany Burma teak Valsadi teak White sal Shisham White cedar Ghana teak Sapeli Sandal wood Haldu kalam Red pine Pipdo Bhindi Beo White ash Burma border Wenge Babool Sal Malesia teak Kher Chid Walnut Boro teak Ebony Maple Sadado Nigeria teak white oak Kinay
SY A O E
Softwood
Pink brown
Central Europe, Southwestern Asia, Eastern France, Ukraine, Northern Spain, Northern Turkey.
Properties
sycamore has the largest leaf of any tree native to north America.
Rs. 1750/-CFT
Softwood
Redish brown
Scotland, Far East Russia, Philippines, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Himalaya, Southeast Asia.
Properties
DEODAR
Type olo r So rce
Softwood
Properties
It can be easily worked, it is moderate, lt is moderately strong. It possesses distinct annual rings.
Cheap furniture, railway carriages, railway sleepers, packing boxes, structural work.
MANGO
Type Color
Properties
building structure support, Cheap furniture, Toys, Cabinet work, Panels for doors and windows.
Mangifera.
SANDALWOOD
Hardwood
White or Red.
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa.
Santalum
Rs 5000 to 5500/-CFT
WENGE
hardwood.
Properties
It is a tropical timber, Very dark in color with a strong partridge pattern, hard and heavy. Musical instruments, Archery bows, Wood canes, Rails, Pin blocks, Flooring, Staircase.
Uses
Market Rate
Rs 4300/-CFT
MA OGANY
Hardwood
Reddish brown.
Properties
Rs 1700/- Cft
EBONY
Hardwood
It is
Pr
rti s
st i t s ly l c it ig sity, fi t xt r , v ry s t fi is lis v ry v l l s r t l .
ft
Us s
ss
M r t R t
4500/-CFT
BAMBOO
Type
Hardwood.
Properties
Rs 70 to 80 /-CFT
PEEPAL
Ty
Hardwood
Ficus r ligiosa.
S IS AM
Hardwood.
Dark Red.
Properties
It is strong, tough, durable . It maintains its shape well, can be easily seasoned, it takes a fine polish.
Rs 2000 to 3000/-CFT
BU MA TEAK
Properties
It is straight glained, has coarse uneven textures. It is hard and heavy with moderate bending strength.
Rs.3600/-CFT
G ANA TEAK
Properties
It is hard and heavy, with stiffness, shock resistance. It is well known for its strength, moderate elasticity and hardness .
Ship building, Boat building, doors, furniture, Carving , Window, Window frames, Staircase, paneling.
Rs 1400 /-CFT
KAPU
Type
HARDWOOD
Properties
VERY STRONG
VALSADI TEAK
Hardwood
BROWN
Properties
It is one of the strongest teakwood in the world. It is durable, Smooth finished with extreme weather resistance.
Rs.800 to 1500/-CFT
STEEM BEE
Hardwood
Sweden,italy,france,england,spain, turkey
Properties
Resistance to shock loads, Promotes good finishes, Light weight , High efficiency,Ideal for molding due to machining abilities.
Cabinate making , Furniture making both solid and laminated , Flooring, turnery , Vehicle body , Interior joinery,
Rs 1250/-CFT
BU MA BO DE
Properties
Rs 1800/-CFT
W ITE AS (AME I AN AS )
Hardwood
White
Cape Breton island , Nova Scotia , Northern Florida , Eastern Minnesota , Eastern Texas
properties
Rs 1600 /- .CFT
MAPLE
Hardwood
Properties
Uniform texture , Heavy , Strong , stiff, Hard and resistance to shock and high shrinkage.
Dried wood for Smoking of Wood, Agriculture, Decorative furniture, commercially used as Maple syrup , Bowling pins , Musical instruments .
W ITE BEA
Hardwood
White
Eastern North America , south Ontario in southern eastern Canada. Colour : white.
RS 1350/- FT
BABUL
Babul
Whitish Red
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh
Properties
rs 450/- CFT
MANGO
Type
HARDWOOD
Properties
Cheap furniture, toys, cabinet works, panels for doors and windows.
RS 1350/-CFT
WALNUT
Hardwood
creamy white to dark chocolate colour, novelties, cabinate and wall panalling Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh
Properties
creamy white to dark chocolate colour, novelties, cabinate and wall panalling
Rs.2350/-CFT
SAPELE
Its leaves are decidious Properties in dry season. Guitar manufacture, Car interior
Rs 1750/-Cft
S EVEN
Types
Softwood
Properties
It has less knots, banding can be done done by giving proper support. decorative furniture, carving, sculpture, temple, ceiling, wall paneling.
RED PINE
Hardwood
Properties
The leaves are needle like , dark green , low genetic variations.
Landscaping.
Rs 400/- CFT
References