EE 551/451, Fall, 2006 Communication Systems

Zhu Han
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Class 24 Nov. 14th, 2006

Outline


CDMA
Frequency Hopping Direct Sequence CDMA one, IS95, 2G CDMA 2000 and WCDMA, 3G

OFDM
Basics IEEE 802.11a/g, WMAX, 4G

Modem
V32 V90, 56k Modem

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spreadspread-spectrum transmission


Three advantages over fixed spectrum

Spread-spectrum signals are highly resistant to noise and interference. The process of re-collecting a spread signal spreads out noise and interference, causing them to recede into the background. Spread-spectrum signals are difficult to intercept. A FrequencyHop spread-spectrum signal sounds like a momentary noise burst or simply an increase in the background noise for short Frequency-Hop codes on any narrowband receiver except a Frequency-Hop spread-spectrum receiver using the exact same channel sequence as was used by the transmitter. Spread-spectrum transmissions can share a frequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with minimal interference. The spread-spectrum signals add minimal noise to the narrow-frequency communications, and vice versa. As a result, bandwidth can be utilized more efficiently.
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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum



Frequencyhopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a spreadspectrum method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver. Military
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Direct Sequence (DS)-CDMA (DS)

It phase-modulates a sine wave pseudo-randomly with a continuous string of pseudo-noise code symbols called "chips", each of which has a much shorter duration than an information bit. That is, each information bit is modulated by a sequence of much faster chips. Therefore, the chip rate is much higher than the information signal bit rate. It uses a signal structure in which the sequence of chips produced by the transmitter is known a priori by the receiver. The receiver can then use the same PN sequence to counteract the effect of the PN sequence on the received signal in order to reconstruct the information signal.

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Pseudo Random Sequence Generator



Pseudorandom sequence Randomness and noise properties Walsh, M-sequence, Gold, Kasami, Z4 Provide signal privacy

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System Block Diagram

  

Unique code to differentiate all users Sequence used for spreading have low cross-correlations Allow many users to occupy all the frequency/bandwidth allocations at that same time Processing gain is the system capacity How many users the system can support

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Spreading & Despreading



Spreading Source signal is multiplied by a PN signal Processing Gain: Despreading Spread signal is multiplied by the spreading code Polar {1} signal representation
1 Tb Tc ChipRate Gp ! ! ! 1 Tc DataRate Tb

 

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Spreading & Despreading

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Road Map
CDMA (IS 95 A)

1XRTT/3XRTT

IS 95 B GPRS EDGE
2000 2001

cdma2000 W-CDMA UWC-136

2002 3X

GSM TDMA
1999

cdmaOne IS-95A IS-

1X IS-95B ISNo 3X

2G
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2.5G

3G Phase 1

3G Phase 2

2G: IS-95A (1995) IS  

Known as CDMAOne Chip rate at 1.25Mbps Convolutional codes, Viterbi Decoding Downlink (Base station to mobile): Walsh code 64-bit for channel separation M-sequence 215 for cell separation Uplink (Mobile to base station): M-sequence 241 for channel and user separation

Standard Multiple Access Uplink Frequency Downlink Frequency Channel Separation Modulation Scheme Number of Channel Channel Bit Rate Speech Rate Data Rate

IS-95, ANSI J-STD-008 CDMA 869-894 MHz 824-849 MHz 1.25 MHz BPSK/QPSK 64 1.25 Mbps (chip rate) 8~13 kbps Up to 14.4 kbps

Maximum Tx Power 600 mW

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2.5G: IS-95B (1998) IS

Increased data rate for internet applications

Up to 115 kbps (8 times that of 2G)

Support web browser format language

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

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3G Technology
 

Ability to receive live music, interactive web sessions, voice and data with multimedia features Global Standard IMT-2000 CDMA 2000, proposed by TIA W-CDMA, proposed by ARIB/ETSI Issued by ITU (International Telecommunication Union) Excellent voice quality Data rate 144 kbps in high mobility 384 kbps in limited mobility 2 Mbps in door Frequency Band 1885-2025 MHz Convolutional Codes Turbo Codes for high data rates
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3G: CDMA2000 (2000)



CDMA 1xEV-DO
peak data rate 2.4 Mbps supports mp3 transfer and video conferencing

CDMA 1xEV-DV
Integrated voice and high-speed data multimedia service up to 3.1 Mbps

Channel Bandwidth:
1.25, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz

 

Chip rate at 3.6864 Mbps Modulation Scheme

QPSK in downlink BPSK in uplink
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3G: CDMA2000 Spreading Codes



Downlink
Variable length orthogonal Walsh sequences for channel separation M-sequences 3x215 for cell separation (different phase shifts)

Uplink
Variable length orthogonal Walsh sequences for channel separation M-sequences 241 for user separation (different phase shifts)

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3G: W-CDMA (2000) W 

Stands for wideband CDMA Channel Bandwidth: 5, 10 or 20 MHz Chip rate at 4.096 Mbps Modulation Scheme QPSK in downlink BPSK in uplink Downlink Variable length orthogonal sequences for channel separation Gold sequences 218 for cell separation Uplink Variable length orthogonal sequences for channel separation Gold sequences 241 for user separation
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Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing frequency 

Special form of Multi-Carrier Transmission. Multi-Carrier Modulation.

Divide a high bit-rate digital stream into several low bit-rate schemes and transmit in parallel (using Sub-Carriers)
N o rm a liz e d A m p lit u d e --->

0 .8

0 .6

0 .4

0 .2

-0 .2 -6 -4 -2 0 2 N o r m a l i z e d F r e q u e n c y ( fT ) - - - > 4 6

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OFDM bit loading

 

Map the rate with the sub-channel condition Water-filling

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OFDM Time and Frequency Grid



Put different users data to different time-frequency slots

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Guard Time and Cyclic Extension...



A Guard time is introduced at the end of each OFDM symbol for protection against multipath. The Guard time is cyclically extended to avoid Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) - integer number of cycles in the symbol interval. Guard Time > Multipath Delay Spread, to guarantee zero ISI & ICI.

guard

Symb l

guard

guard Mult p th c mp

Symb l t th t do s not c us ISI

guard

guard Mult path c mp

Symb l t that us s ISI

guard

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OFDM Transmitter and Receiver

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Pro and Con



Advantages Can easily be adopted to severe channel conditions without complex equalization Robust to narrow-band co-channel interference Robust to inter-symbol interference and fading caused by multipath propagation High spectral efficiency Efficient implementation by FFTs Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are not required (unlike in conventional FDM) Facilitates Single Frequency Networks, i.e. transmitter macro-diversity. Disadvantages Sensitive to Doppler shift. Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems Inefficient transmitter power consumption, since linear power amplifier is required.
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OFDM Applications
  

ADSL and VDSL broadband access via telephone network copper wires. IEEE 802.11a and 802.11g Wireless LANs. The Digital audio broadcasting systems EUREKA 147, Digital Radio Mondiale, HD Radio, T-DMB and ISDB-TSB. The terrestrial digital TV systems DVB-T, DVB-H, T-DMB and ISDB-T. The IEEE 802.16 or WiMax Wireless MAN standard. The IEEE 802.20 or Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) standard. The Flash-OFDM cellular system. Some Ultra wideband (UWB) systems. Power line communication (PLC). Point-to-point (PtP) and point-to-multipoint (PtMP) wireless applications.

      

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The IEEE 802.11a/g Standard

    

Belongs to the IEEE 802.11 system of specifications for wireless LANs. 802.11 covers both MAC and PHY layers. Five different PHY layers. 802.11a/g belongs to the High Speed WLAN category with peak data rate of 54Mbps PHY Layer very similar to ETSIs HIPERLAN Type 2

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Telephone line bandwidth



Traditional telephone lines can carry frequencies between 300 and 3300 Hz, giving them a bandwidth of 3000 Hz. All this range is used for transmitting voice, where a great deal of interference and distortion can be accepted without loss of intelligibility. Data signals require a higher degree of accuracy to ensure integrity. For safetys sake, therefore, the edges of the bandwidth range are not used for data communications. We can say that the signal bandwidth must be smaller than the cable bandwidth. The effective bandwidth of a bandwidth line being used for data transmission is 2400 Hz, covering the range from 600 to 3000 Hz. Today some telephone lines are capable of A telephone line has a bandwidth of

handling more bandwidth than traditional lines.



almost 2400 Hz for data transmission.

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Modulation/demodulation


   

Bandwidth defines a baseband nature, which means we need to modulate if we want to use this bandwidth for data transmission. Devices that were traditionally used to do so are called modems. Modem stands for modulator/demodulator Modulator creates a band-pass analog signal from binary data. Demodulator recovers the binary data from the modulated signal. The computer on left sends binary data to the modulator portion of the modem; the data is sent as an analog signal on the telephones lines. The modem on the right receives the analog signal, demodulates it through its demodulator, and delivers data to the computer on the right. The communication can be bidirectional, which means the computer on the right can also send data to the computer on the left using the same modulation/demodulation processes.

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The V.32 constellation and bandwidth

 

Most popular modems available are base don the V-series standards published by ITU-T. V.32 Uses a combined modulation and encoding technique called trelliscoded modulation. Trellis is essentially QAM plus a redundant bit. Data stream is divided into 4-bit sections. Instead of quadbit, however, a pentabit (5-bit pattern) is transmitted. The value of the extra bit is calculated from the values of the data bits. In any QAM system, the receiver compares each received signal point to all valid points in the constellation and selects the closest point as the intended value. A signal distorted by transmission noise can arrive closer in value to an adjacent point than to the intended point, resulting in a misidentification of the point and an error in the received data. The closer the points are in the constellation, the more likely it is that transmission noise can result in a signals being misidentified. By adding a redundant bit to each quadbit, trellis-coded modulation increases the amount of information used to identify each bit pattern and thereby reduces the number of possible matches. For this reason, a trellis-encoded signal is much less likely than a plain QAM signal to be misread when distorted by noise.
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V.32bis constellation and bandwidth

 

The V.32 calls for 32-QAM with a baud rate of 2400. Because only 4 bits of each pentabit represents data, the resulting speed is 4 * 2400 = 9600bps. V.32bits First introduced by ITU-T to support 14,400-bps transmission. V.32bis uses 128-QAM transmission (7 bits/baud with 1 bit for error control) at a rate of 2400 baud (2400*6 = 14,400 bps) V.32bis includes an automatic fall-back and fall-forward feature that enables the modem to adjust its speed upward or downward depending on the quality of the line or signal. V.34bis: Provides a bit rate of 28,800 with a 960-point constellation to a bit rate of 33,600 with a 1664-point constellation. V.90: Bit of 56,000bps, called 56K modems. These modems may be used only if one party is using digital signature. Supports asymmetric [downloading rate is 56 Kbps; uploading rate is 33.6Kbps].

 

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Traditional modems


After modulation by the modem, an analog signal reaches the telephone company switching station, where it is sampled and digitized to be passed through the digital network. The quantization noise introduced into the signal at the sampling point limits the data rate according to the Shannon Capacity. This limit is 33.6 Kbps. 56K Modems: Uploading: Analog signal must still be sampled at the switching station, which means the data in uploading is limited to 33.6 Kbps. Downloading: No sampling involved. Signal is not affected by quantization noise and subject to the Shannon capacity limitation. So, downloading is limited to 56 Kbps.

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56K modems


56 Kbps because telephone companies sample 8000 times per second with 8 bits per sample. One of the bits in each sample is used for control purposes, which means each sample is 7 bits. The rate is therefore 8000 * 7 or 56000 bps or 56 Kbps V.92 Modems can adjust their speed, and if the noise allows, they can upload data at the rate of 48 Kbps. The downloading rate is still 56 Kbps. Modem can interrupt the Internet connection when there is an incoming call if the line has call-waiting service.

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Questions?

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