Chapter : Historical Timeline (1893-present)

1890s: Art Movements and Artists/Designers (1 of 2)

Arts and Crafts Movement proponents continued to disseminate information about design. European art was deeply affected by an influx of Japanese prints. American artists and designers were influenced by European trends and movements. The Art Nouveau movement influenced all the visual arts, from design through architecture. Toulouse-Lautrec embraced the poster.

1890s: Art Movements and Artists/Designers (2 of 2)

Companies hired Art Nouveau artists, such as Alphonse Mucha, to create posters to advertise their products. American advertising agency, N.W. Ayer & Son, opened a design department to design their own ads. Ethel Reed -- an American woman became a noted graphic designer and illustrator.

1890s: Technology
Advances in printing technology in both Europe and American
In France, color lithography significantly advanced by Jules Cheret, allowed for great color and nuance in poster reproduction. Advances in lithography helped give rise to the poster as a visual communications vehicle.

1890s: Key Dates

1870s-1890s (last decades of the nineteenth century) Art and Crafts movement 1890 Art Nouveau movement begins 1891 La Goulue Toulouse-Lautrecs first poster 1893 Coca-Cola registered as a trademark 1897 Vienna Secession formed 1898 Advertising agency N.W. Ayer created the slogan, "Lest you forget, we say it yet, Uneeda Biscuit," to launch the first prepackaged biscuit, Uneeda, produced by the National Biscuit Co. (today, a company called Nabisco).

1900s: Fine Art (1 of 2)

Two groups of German painters form art philosophies.
Die Brcke (The Bridge), with Ernst Ludwig Kirchner as a leading proponent Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) with Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky, a leading member

Kandinsky is credited with the first nonobjective painting and was a great influence on modern art. In France, major artists Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso (b. Spain) create rippling, everlasting effects in all the visual arts.

1900s: Fine Art (2 of 2)

A very noteworthy influence (to this day), on typography was the Italian Futurists challenge to grammatical and typographic conventions.
They saw typography as a way to redouble the force of expressive words.

Dadaists used type and image as expressive visual elements. Artists such as Kurt Schwitters in his Merz magazine, used the idea of randomness as a guiding principle.

1900s: Design (1 of 2)
Milestones in graphic design history occurred. Principles of grid composition were taught in Germany.
Birth of pictorial modernism

The work of architect/designer Peter Behrens is watershed, exemplifying the relationship between design and industry.
He sought a modern visual language to express the age of mass production. In 1907, Peter Behrens designed what might be thought of as the first corporate identity for AEG, a German electrical manufacturing corporation.

1900s: Design (2 of 2)
In 1919, Gropius founded the Weimar Bauhaus in Germany.
The Weimar Bauhaus very influential design school laid the foundation for much of modern thinking about architecture and design.

1900s: Key Dates (1 of 2)

1901-1905 Picassos Blue period 1905 Lucien Bernhard designs the Priester match poster 1905 Salon dAutomne, Paris, important French art exhibit 1907 - Peter Behrens corporate identity for AEG 1909-1914 Pablo Picasso and George Braque, the period of Analytical Cubism 1909 Futurist Manifesto proclaims enthusiasm for speed, war, and the machine age

1900s: Key Dates (2 of 2)

1910-1914 Die Brcke (The Bridge) flourishes in Berlin 1910 Kandinsky and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) 1910 Analytical Cubism 1913 Synthetic Cubism 1916 Dada founded 1919-1933 Bauhaus; founded in Weimar, 1919, under the direction of architect Walter Gropius.
Staff included Paul Klee, Johannes Itten, Vasily Kandinsky, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy.

1920s: Fine Art (1 of 2)

Fine art movements
Cubism, Futurism, De Stijl, Constructivism, Dada, Surrealism Greatly affected design and advertising

Picassos work continued to have a powerful effect on the visual arts. The popular geometric style of the 1920s was Art Deco.
Significantly manifested in all the visual arts

1920s: Fine Art (2 of 2)

In 1921, a group of Russian artists led by Constructivists Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko rejected art for arts sake, to pursue the duty of artist as citizen. Constructivists viewed visual communications, industrial design, and the applied arts as mediums that could best serve their ideals and ideas for society.

1920s: Design (1 of 2)
Many graphic designers absorbed artistic movements creating a popular visual aesthetic.
A.M. Cassandre, who was a renowned poster designer, created a visual language clearly influenced by Cubism, and brought it to the greater public via poster design.

Cassandres success in both typeface design and poster design, established him as a purveyor of style.

1920s: Design (2 of 2)
Also greatly influenced by Cubism, Futurism and Art Deco movements, American graphic designer E. McKnight Kauffer created a body of work that, included 141 posters for the London Underground, as well as others for major corporations. American advertising reflected designers great interest in Modernism and European art ideas as well. Charles Coiner for the N. W. Ayer agency reflected an avant-garde influence. In an attempt to visually express their dynamic modern age, both artists and designers are highly concerned with the relationship between form and function.

1920s: Key Dates (1 of 3)

1922 Aleksei Gans brochure on Constructivist ideology Konstruktivizm 1922. E. McKnight Kauffer poster for London Underground 1922 Piet Mondrian mature Composition 1923 Herbert Bayer cover design for Bauhaus catalog 1924 El Lissitzy poster for the Pelikan corporation

1920s: Key Dates (2 of 3)

1924 Andre Bretons Manifesto of Surrealism 1924 Charles Coiner joins N.W.Ayers art department 1926 Fritz Langs film Metroplis 1927 Paul Renner designs Futura typeface 1927 A. M. Cassandre railway poster

1920s: Key Dates (3 of 3)

1928 Dr. Mehemed Fehmy Agha is made art director at Vogue magazine. 1928 Jan Tschichold advocates new ideas about typography in his book Die Neue Typographie William H. Bradley, American, designed a series of covers for the Chap Book (influenced by the British Arts and Crafts movement and art)

1930s: Design (1 of 3)
At the end of the 1920s, the modern movement hit America. Pioneering visual ideas in the United States were American-born designers such as:
Lester Beall William Goldin Alvin Lustig Paul Rand BradburyThompson

1930s: Design (2 of 3)
Pioneering visual ideas in the United States were migrs such as:
Mehemed Fehmy Agha (Russian-born, emigrated in 1928) Alexey Brodovitch (Russian-born, emigrated in 1930) Will Burtin (German-born, emigrated in 1938) Leo Lionni (Dutch-born, emigrated in 1939) Herbert Matter (Swiss-born, moved to New York in 1936) Sutnar Ladislav (Czech-born, traveled to U.S. in 1939 and stayed)

1930s: Design (3 of 3)
Many fled the Nazis and immigrated to America, including esteemed Bauhaus members:
Mies van der Rohe Josef Albers Laszlo Moholy-Nagy Walter Gropius.

Paul Rand: A Seminal American Designer

Paul Rand, started in 1935, as the art director of Esquire and Apparel Arts magazines. Rand also designed covers for Direction, a cultural journal, from 1938 until 1945. Rands influence holds to this day. Rand was greatly influenced by the European avant-garde thinkers and designers, though he established his own indelible point of view and visual vocabulary.

1930s: Key Dates (1 of 2)

1934 Herbert Matter designs Swiss travel posters. 1934 Alexey Brodovitch is art director at Harpers Bazaar.

Magazine spread Designer: Alexey Brodovitch

1930s: Key Dates (2 of 2)

1935 WPA hires designers to work for the project. 1937 Lester Beall designs Rural Electrification Administration poster. 1937 Picassos Guernica painting portrays the devastation of the Spanish Civil War.
1939 Bradbury Thompson designs first Westvaco Inspirations. 1939 Leo Lionni becomes art director at N.W. Ayer.

1940s: Fine Art and Design

(1 of 2)

In the U.S., during 1940s and 1950s, Abstract Expressionism is the primary artistic movement (overshadowing any representational artists), with leading artists such as:
Jackson Pollack Willem de Kooning Franz Kline Mark Rothko

1940s: Fine Art and Design

(2 of 2)

In the post World War II years, New York City became the art capital of the world. In Italy, Olivetti corporation hired Giovanni Pintori, who contributed enormously to Italian design.
Pintoris vision, drawing on Futurist visual forms, manifested itself in corporate identity design and advertising.

1940s: Design and War (1 of 3)

In 1939, World War II began.
Many artists and designers were called into active duty Others used their great talents to create posters to disseminate public information, support the war effort, pump up morale, and create anti-Nazi vehicles, including:
Ben Shahn E. McKnight Kauffer Joseph Binder Abram Games

In England, The British Ministry of Information recruited available pre-eminent designers to this cause.

1940s: Design and War (2 of 3)

Many designers embraced Surrealism using photomontage and bold typography to create war posters, including German graphic artist John Heartfield, whose strong anti-war work satirized the Nazi party.

1940s: Design and War (3 of 3)

What would eventually become the Advertising Council, a public service advertising organization, began in 1942 as the War Advertising Council, which was organized to help prepare voluntary advertising campaigns for wartime efforts.

PSA The Advertising Council

1940s: Key Dates

1940s Paul Rand designs Directions covers. 1946 Lou Dorfsman joins CBS. 1947 Armin Hofmann begins teaching graphic design at the Basel School of Design. 1947 Giovanni Pintori is hired by Olivetti. 1949 Doyle Dane Bernbach opens. 1949 Cipe Pineles cover for Seventeen.

1950s (1 of 4)
The International Typographic Style, or Swiss design, plays a pivotal role in design with an emphasis on clear communication and grid construction, with Max Bill and Ernst Keller as major proponents. In 1959, the movement became a unified international one disseminating ideas in a journal, New Graphic Design.
The editors included Josef MullerBrockmann, Richard P. Lohse, Carlo L. Vivarelli and Hans Neuburg.

1950s (2 of 4)
Important work created in America by seminal designers such as:
Paul Rand William Goldin Lou Dorfsman Saul Bass Bradbury Thompson George Tscherny Ivan Chermayeff Tom Geismar Cipe Pineless Otto Storch Henry Wolf

1950s (3 of 4)
Saul Bass movie titles and film promotions set new standards for motion graphics and promotional design.

1950s (4 of 4)

Magazine spread Designer: Bradbury Thompson

1950s: Corporate Identity (1 of 2)

Corporate (visual) identity becomes gospel at corporations with in-house designers such as:
William Goldin and Lou Dorfsman at CBS Giovanni Pintori at Olivetti

1950s: Corporate Identity (2 of 2)

Corporations begin to rely on designers to create visual identities that would differentiate them within a competitive marketplace. Designers, such as Paul Rand created visual identities for IBM, Westinghouse, and ABC.

1950s: Advertising
Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) rocked the advertising world. DDBs Volkswagen campaign began the creative revolution in advertising. DDB teamed art directors and copywriters to generate creative ideas to drive their advertising. DDB didnt use a hard sell it set a new standard that winked at the consumer with greater respect.

1950s: Key Dates (1 of 2)

1949 Hermann Zapf designs Palatino typeface. 1955 Jackson Pollacks creates Autumn Rhythm. 1950 William Goldin designs the CBS symbol. 1955 Roy Kuhlman designs Grove Press paperback covers. 1955 Rudy deHarak opens his New York studio.

1950s: Key Dates (2 of 2)

1955 Fogleman defines corporate identity. 1954 Adrian Frutiger creates a family 21 sans-serif fonts named Univers. 1954 Push Pin Studios is formed. 1955 Saul Bass designs Man with the Golden Arm film graphics. 1950s Henryk Tomaszewski creates Cryk.

1960s: Corporate Identity

Corporate identity design grows in importance, work by:
Lester Beall for International Paper Company Chermayeff & Geismar for Mobil, The Chase Manhattan Bank Saul Bass for AT&T, Continental Airlines, and the Girl Scouts Massimo Vignelli and the Unimark office for Knoll

1960s: Changes in Design

(1 of 3)
The poster was extremely popular with great work from:
Gunter Rambow, in Germany Wes Wilson, in California Victor Moscosco in California George Lois designs covers for Esquire magazine Milton Glaser

Poster Designer: Milton Glaser

1960s: Changes in Design

(2 of 3)

Pop Art movement

A movement drawing upon imagery from popular culture, with leading artists Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and Robert Indiana Challenged the conventions of Modernist thinking

Push Pin in New York and Haight Ashbury/San Francisco music scene designers rocked Modernisms structural boat.

1960s: Changes in Design

(3 of 3)

Wolfgang Weingart was at the forefront of those slowly challenging Modernisms core. American graphic designers, including the Push Pin Studios, Saul Bass, and Herb Lubalin redefined American graphic design.

1960s: Advertising
Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) continued to be the force behind creative advertising. Employed at DDB were some of the most brilliantly creative art directors and writers of the twentieth century.
Bob Gage Helmut Krone George Lois Mary Wells Lawrence Phyllis K. Robinson Julian Koenig

Some of these creatives left DDB to open their own creative agencies, such as:
George Lois & Julian Koenig (together) Mary Wells Lawrence

1960s: Key Dates (1 of 2)

1960 John Berg becomes art director at CBS records. 1960 Lester Beall designs International Paper logo. 1961 Edouard Hoffman and Max Miedinger design Helvetica typeface. 1962 Herb Lubalin designs Eros magazine. 1962 Carl Ally opens Allly & Gargano. 1963 The Pepsi Generation ad

1960s: Key Dates (2 of 2)

1964 First Things First manifesto signed by 22 signatories. 1965 Andy Warhols Campbells Soup 1967 Jay Chiat opens Chiat/Day. 1968 Herb Lubalin designs Avante Garde magazine. 1969 George Lois composited Esquire cover of Andy Warhol drowning in an oversized can of Campbell's soup.

1970s: Design as Differentiator

It became clear to clients that design and advertising was going to distinguish their parity goods and services in a highly competitive international marketplace.

Identity Design firm: Vignelli Associates

1970s: New Thinking (1 of 2)

Some critics see the 1970s as the end of Modernism and the beginning of Postmoderism thinking, especially in the typographic directions taken by designers such as:
Wolfgang Weingart April Greiman Willi Kunz Dan Friedman

1970s: New Thinking (2 of 2)

Some designers saw the Modernist style as corporate and reacted with alternative creative thinking.
Subversive posters emanating from the French design collective GRAPUS in California, April Greiman was experimenting with type, hybrid imagery, and mixing media.

A growing response to the perceived objectivity of Modernism with highly individual, personal aesthetics grew around the world.

1970s: Key Dates (1 of 2)

1970 GRAPUS studio, a French design collective, is formed by Pierre Bernard, Francois Miehe, and Gerard Paris-Clavel. 1970 Raymond Loewy designs the U.S. Mail eagle symbol. 1970 Shigeo Fukuda designs graphics for Expo 70. 1971 Saul Bass designs the United Way logo.

1970s: Key Dates (2 of 2)

1974 Paula Scher designs covers for CBS records. 1975 Milton Glaser designs I LOVE NY symbol. 1978 Louise Fili becomes art director of Pantheon Books. 1978 Pentagram opens their New York office. 1979 M&Co founded by Tibor Kalman with Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato.

1980s: Technology (1 of 2)
In 1984, Apple computers introduced the Macintosh computer, which provided graphic designers with the most significant tool since the pencil. The digital revolution enabled designers to have more creative control.
Design/layout their own type Become their own compositors Easily manipulate imagery (as opposed to using handcrafted photomontage) Imitate visual effects such as airbrushing

1980s: Technology (2 of 2)
Easily make changes to layout and color Generate type without a typesetter Substitute handlettered comps with digitally produced finished-looking comps
Poster Designer: April Greiman

1980s: Design (1 of 3)
Termed the Postmodern (or Late Modernist) period, the 1980s and 1990s were an eclectic and diverse time. Designers experimented with new technology. The political and social climate provided a fertile environment for provocatively creative designers and thinkers, such as Tibor Kalman, founder of M&Co.

1980s: Design (2 of 3)
In California, Rudy VanderLans (trained in the Netherlands) and Zuzana Licko (b. Czechoslovakia) collaborated to create experimental typography in migr.

Magazine spread, migr Designer: Rudy Vanderlans

1980s: Design (3 of 3)
David Carson designed Beach Culture magazine and his typographic methodology will eventually divide designers into camp divisions about typographic design philosophy.
In England, Neville Brody, art director of The Face magazine, challenged both editorial design and typographic design conventions.

1980s: Advertising (1 of 3)
In England, advertising agency Bartle Bogle Hegarty (BBH) created sexy campaigns for Levis and Haagen-Dazs. In New York, George Lois ad campaign concept I want my MTV transforms entertainment. Chiat/Day created one of the great moments in TV advertising with its 1984 spot for Apple Macinstosh.

1980s: Advertising (2 of 3)
Advertising agencies outside of the usual ad hubs, made indelible marks, making cities such as Minneapolis and Dallas the homes of creative advertising.

1980s: Advertising (3 of 3)

Ad Agency: Doyle Dane Bernbach

1980s: Key Dates (1 of 2)

1981 MTV logo (art director: Fred Seibert, designers: Frank Olinsky, Pat Gorman, and Patti Rogof /Manhattan Design) 1982 George Lois I want my MTV" 1983 R/Greenberg Associates film title sequence The Dead Zone 1984 Apple Macintosh TV spot 1984 by Chiat/Day Agency; directed by Ridley Scott 1984 Rolling Stone Perception/Reality campaign by Fallon McElligott and Rice/Minneapolis

1980s: Key Dates (2 of 2)

1985 BBH, London, revitalizes Levis brand 1986 Neville Brody designs Typeface Six for The Face 1988 Motel 6 Well Leave a Light on for You, The Richards Group, Dallas 1988 David Carson designs Beach Culture magazine 1989 Jonathan Hoefler and Tobias Frere-Jones create type foundry

1990s: Technology (1 of 2)
As the century came to a close, the technological boom continued to deeply affect all the visual arts. In 1990, Adobe released Photoshop, imaging software, providing a tool that enabled individual designers to manipulate imagery effectively, inexpensively, and rapidly. The web would become the home to every brand worldwide as well as set new design challenges.

1990s: Technology (2 of 2)
Designers would be forced to work closely with IT professionals to launch their visual designs. Design and technology are at aesthetic crossroads that are reconciled in various ways with interesting effects on popular visual culture.

1990s: Design Community Issues

There are hot debates on consumerism, typographic design form/function questions. Green issues are arguments that even become known outside the design community. Besides creating design to earn a living, some designers are tackling social and political issues with their independently conceived, created, and produced posters. Design itself takes on new respect in museums and in media coverage.

1990s: Design and Advertising (1 of 4)

Irony becomes a truly pervasive postmodern approach to all visual communications. Unusual combinations of form and color juxtapositions mark the work of many.

Poster Design firm: Sagmesiter Inc.

1990s: Design and Advertising (2 of 4)

Historical stylistic references allow visual communicators to hold fast to the end of the century. Corporations continue to count on branding and visual communications to distinguish their brands across borders.

1990s: Design and Advertising (3 of 4)

No longer belonging to the marginalized artist, postmodernism is co-opted by major brands seeking to align themselves with hipsters and be perceived as trendsetters.

1990s: Design and Advertising (4 of 4)

Poster Design firm: Morla Design

1990s: Key Dates (1 of 3)

1990 Fabien Baron redesigns Interview magazine. 1991 Paula Scher joined Pentagram, New York. 1993 David Carson designs Ray Gun magazine. 1993 Sagmeister Inc. is founded by Stefan Sagmeister in New York.

1990s: Key Dates (2 of 3)

1994 Got Milk? ad campaign by Goodby, Silverstein & Partners, San Francisco for the California Fluid Milk Processor Advisory Board

1990s: Key Dates (3 of 3)

1995 Razorfish web design studio is founded 1996 "Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Contemporary Culture" at the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum 2000 Steven Brower redesigns Print magazine. 2000 migr magazine (and other magazines) publishes First Things Manifesto 2000

2000: Advertising
Unconventional advertising formats and solutions are redefining advertising, with agencies leading the way.
Crispin Porter + Bogusky / Miami Diabolical Liberties / London KesselsKramer / Amsterdam Strawberryfrog / Amsterdam

Campaign Agency: Strawberryfrog

2000: Post-9/11 (1 of 2)
The convergence of technology in the visual arts has helped redefine what graphic design is, but not what it is not. Visual communications is an ever-evolving discipline that can solve innumerable communications problems.

Poster Designer: Milton Glaser

2000: Post-9/11 (2 of 2)
Post 9/11, visual communicators are finding more and more that, as Paula Scher said, design matters. Whether it is to:
Disseminate information to the public Enhance understanding of editorial content Design better election ballots Design posters to get out the vote Communicate across cultures Create public service campaigns to raise awareness

There are creative professionals who are constantly challenging us to think and reevaluate.