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NCC View Deck National Transmission Corporation Quezon Ave. Diliman, Quezon City November 9, 2007
Table of Contents
A. Morning Schedule
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction to Fiber Optics Fiber Optic Principle Fiber Optic Cables Transmission Systems OLTE (Optical Line Terminal Equipment) Fiber Optic Equipment and Test Instruments Fiber Optic Accessories Fiber Optic Splicing
Table of Contents
B. Afternoon Schedule
Practical Demonstration Fusion Splicing OTDR Reading Power Measurement Signal Detection Others
Transmitting communication signals over hair-thin strands of glass or plastic Not a "new" technology Concept a century old Used commercially for the last 25 years
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Telecommunications SCADA Protection LAN applications CATV - for video, voice and Internet connections Security - closed-circuit TV and intrusion sensors Military
Principle of Light
Velocity, Wavelength, and Frequency of Light
f : Frequency : Wavelength (m) Wavelength for Optical Communication: Short Wavelength : 850 nm Long Wavelength : 1300 1550 nm
Refraction of Light
N
n = sin i sin r
Reflected Light
r Refracted Light
Optical Transmission
Frequency Spectrum above 300MHz
Radio
Optical
Wavelength
100 cm 10 cm 10 mm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m
Infrared
Visible
Frequency f
1000 THz
100 THz
1 GHz
1 THz
Optical Transmission
First Window 810 - 850 nm (3 dB/km loss) Second Window 1220 - 1340 nm (0.5 dB/km loss) Third Window 1540 - 1610 nm (0.2 dB/km loss) Fourth Window 1625 nm Optical Fiber Attenuation versus Wavelength
Mode field Diameter (nominal) Core Diameter Cladding Design Clad Diameter Coating Diameter Attenuation Coefficient Temp Dependence (Max) Cutoff Wavelength Bend Performance Proof Test level Cladding Non-circularity
Continuous 90C Less than 1300nm 0.1 Db 0.7% Not more than 2%
Instantaneous 200C
TRANSMITTER
SIGNAL ELECTRICITY CONVERTER ELECTRICITY LIGHT CONVERTER
Types of Fiber
n1 n2
n1 n2
Core Diameter
10m 50m 125m 50m 125m
Cladding Diameter
125m
Types of Fiber
Single Mode Fiber
CLADDING
CORE
Types of Fiber
Multimode Fiber (Step Index)
CLADDING
CORE
Refractive Index
Types of Fiber
Multimode Fiber (Graded Index)
CLADDING
LOWER INDEX HIGH INDEX LOWER INDEX
CORE
AXIAL MODE
MERIDIONAL MODE
Optical Transmission
Transmitting End
1 km
Receiving End
Transmission Characteristics
Factors Which Cause Optical Fiber Loss
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Absorption Loss Scattering Loss Emitting Loss Connecting Loss Coupling Loss
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Small Size and Lightweight Wide Transmission Band No Crosstalk Electrical Isolation Low Attenuation High Resistance to Heat Security
This single fiber can carry more communications than the giant copper cable!
Fiber is the least expensive, most reliable method for high speed and/or long distance communication. While we already transmit signals at Gigabits per second speeds, we have only started to utilize the potential bandwidth of fiber.
1. OPGW (Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire) 2. ADSS (All Dielectric Self-Supporting) 3. Approach or Buried Cable 4. Wrap-Around Cable
Transmission Systems
Multiplexing - Transmission of information from one or more source to one or more destination over the same transmission medium.
Governing Standards ITU-T ANSI ETSI Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunications Union (Formerly CCITT) American National Standard Institute European Telecommunication Standard Institute
Transmission Systems
3 Methods of Multiplexing
1 2 3 4
A B C D
1 A I 2 B II 3 C III 4 D IV
I II III IV
CH 1
CH2
CH3
CH4
CH5
CH6
CH31
CH32
2.O48 MBit/s
8 Bits Channel
256 Bits/Frame
2.048 MBit/sec
American Standard
x 30
SONET Hierarchy
OC-1/STS-1 OC-3/STS-3 OC-12/STS-12 OC-48/STS-48 OC-192/STS-192 51.84 Mbit/s 155.52 Mbit/s 622.08 Mbit/s 2488.32 Mbit/s 9953.28 Mbit/s STM-0 or STM-1/3 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-32
Rx
DXC
Tx Rx 1 E1
Telephony
8 E1 capacity
1 E1
MDF
SCADA
UNIDA 431
DXC DXC
LOMIF (Electrical)
DXC Digital Cross-Connect MDF Main Distribution Frame
Protection
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) Power Meter and Laser Source Optical Fiber Scope Talk Set Fusion Splicer Splicing Kit
Equipment is on 24-hour operation and monitors different fiber links. It can be remotely accessed via LAN.
Measures the optical power from the end of the fiber by employing a laser source on one end.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Splice Box Organizer FODP (Fiber Optic Distribution Panel) Cable Accessories
Where the outside cable (i.e. approach cable) is terminated and distributed indoors into individual slots.
End Slide
THANK YOU!