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1G Cellular Networks
1st
generation cellular networks are purely analog cellular systems. The transmission of data is sent via a continuously variable signal
2G Cellular Networks
2nd
generation cellular networks refer to digital cellular and PC wireless systems. voice and low speed data services. services. They consist of digital traffic channels, perform encryption, error detection & correction Users share channels dynamically
3G Cellular Networks
3rd generation refers to the next generation of wireless systems. This is digital with high speed data transfer It is voice quality comparable with a switched telephone network. Data transmission rates can be asymmetric or symmetrical It provides support for circuit switched and packet switched data services
Cellular Operation
Three
y
basic devices
Cellular Operation
Picture: www.Xanthippi.ceid.upatras.gr
Control channels
used to exchange information having to do with setting up and maintaining calls (out-band or in-band through stealing bits) (outin-
Traffic channels
Cellular Operation
Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) refers to a cellular network that has land and radio based sections. This network consists of:
Mobile station (MS): A device used for communication over the network. Base station transceiver (BST): A transmitter/receiver used to transmit/receive signals over the network.
Cellular Operation
Mobile switching center (MSC): Sets up and maintains calls made over the network. Base station controller (BSC): Communication between a group of BSTs and a single MSC is controlled by the BSC Public switched telephone network (PSTN): Section of the network that is land based
Cellular Operation
Outgoing
input
from mobile
phone number and press send mobile links to base transceiver via control channel base to MTSO to PSTN MTSO routes connection back to mobile via voice channel mobile shifts from control to voice
Cellular Operation
Incoming
call
to mobile
goes from PSTN to MTSO on control channel, MTSO searches for mobile by PAGING every active mobile If found, MTSO rings it and establishes voice channel connection uses transceiver with strongest signal from mobile
Cells use low powered transmitters. Each cell is allocated a band of frequencies, and is served by its own antenna as well as a base station consisting of a transmitter, receiver and control unit.
Frequency Reuse
interference
channel interference
Adjacent channel interference can be controlled with transmit and receive filters
Cell splitting
y
cells in areas of high usage can be split into smaller cells cells are divided into a number of wedgewedgeshaped sectors, each with their own set of channels move to buildings, hills, and lamp
Cell sectoring
y
Microcells
antennas
posts
Cell Splitting
Site Configurations
Handoffs
Network
protocols must refresh and renew paths as a mobile station host moves between cells. Handoffs are the function of one cell handing over the communication link between itself and a mobile station as the mobile station moves out of the boundary of its region into the boundary of an adjacent cell.
Handoffs
This
Encoding: Modulation(1)
Amplitude
Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation are the three different methods of encoding binary information on a regular wave.
Encoding: Modulation(2)
When using digital signals the methods are known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK).
Encoding: Multiplexing(1)
Multiplexing allows many mobile users to use cellular radio transmission schemes at the same time. The different schemes are: Frequency Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing
Encoding: Multiplexing(2)
Frequency Division Multiplexing involves a different frequency channel given to each user
Encoding: Multiplexing(3)
Time Division Multiplexing involves a channel with a given number of time slots (per millisecond) where each user is assigned certain time interval. Code Division Multiplexing gives each user a code for differentiation purposes. The receiver picks out each channel from the noise using the code. Wide frequency band is used. Does not contain single frequencies or time slots.
code sequences generated by the transmitters and receivers are not always random fast power control system needed so that strong signals don t overpower weaker signals.
is less (long term) Mobile user choice Accesses areas that wired networks cannot reach
to wired networks the data rates are slower User location determines performance Devices such as microwaves, cordless phones, etc may cause interference Can be accessed by hackers from the outside
WEP (2)
WEP is a implemented such that a block of plaintext (input text) is bitwise XORed with an equal length random key sequence. A random number generator is used on the initialization vector and the secret key and outputs a key sequence of random of octets. An integrity check value is produced to protect against data modification. The key sequence combined with plaintext combined with the integrity check value gives the enciphered message. The integrity check value and the ciphertext is the combination of the output.
Block Ciphers
Another security algorithm is Block Ciphers which is the most common of the encryption techniques. The Block Cipher consists of: Data Encryption Standard (DES) Triple Data Encryption (TDEA) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
Global System for Mobile communications.communications.-most widely used digital cellular communications system
Picture: http://www.alphaorg.com/cellular/
Mobile Station
Mobile
3
equipment or terminal
Subscriber
Base Station Subsystem connects the Mobile Station and the Network and Switching Subsystem. It is responsible for transmission and reception and can be divided into two parts:
The
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) or Base Station. The Base Station Controller (BSC).
BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the network. It is usually placed in the center of a cell. The size of a cell defines the transmitting power. A BTS can have up to 16 transceivers. It all depends on the density of users in the cell.
BSC controls a group of BTS. A BSC is primarily responsible for handovers, frequency hopping, exchange functions and control of the frequency power levels of the BTSs.
main role is to manage the communications between the mobile users and other users, such as mobile users, ISDN users, landline users, etc. It also has databases that store information about the subscribers and to manage their mobility. The different components of the NSS are described below.
component of the NSS. It performs switching functions and also provides connection to other networks.
The HLR is an important database as it stores information about the subscribers belonging to the covering area of a MSC. It stores the current location of these subscribers and the services to which they have access. The location of the subscriber corresponds to the SS7 address of the Visitor Location Register (VLR) associated to the terminal.
The VLR contains information from a subscriber's HLR. It is necessary for the provision of subscribed services to visiting users. When a subscriber enters the covering area of a new MSC, the VLR associated to this MSC will request information about the new subscriber to its corresponding HLR. The VLR will then have enough information to assure the subscribed services without needing to confirm with the HLR each time a communication is established.
AuC register provides the parameters needed for authentication and encryption functions. These parameters help verify the user's identity.
EIR is also used for security purposes. It is a register containing information about the mobile equipment. It particularly contains a list of all valid terminals. A terminal is identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The EIR uses this to forbid calls from stolen or unauthorized terminals.
GIWU corresponds to an interface to various networks for data communications. During these communications, the transmission of speech and data can be alternated.
OSS is connected to the different components of the NSS and BSC in order to control and monitor the GSM system. It also takes care of controlling the traffic load of the BSS.
Resources management (RR). Mobility Management (MM). Communication Management (CM). Operation, Administration and Maintenance
GSM
uses an intriguing method to send data. By simply sending computer data as it would send voice data, GSM allows every phone to be "data enabled." Since the GSM network is already a packet network of sorts because of its frequency hopping, it requires no additional hardware to support data. GSM allows data rates in multiples of 300 bits per second, up to 64 kilobits per second.
GSM
Cellular networks use "small" cells with low powered transceivers instead of one large area with a high powered transceiver. Using cellular networks increases overall call handling capacity. Avoids central point of failure. Allows dynamic distribution of capacity based on demand. Less interference with other wireless communications
Conclusion (1)
Mobile phone contracts provide a useful and relatively cheap service. Cellular radio network infrastructures are growing at a tremendous rate. Cellular networks are becoming high speed data networks.
Conclusion (2)
Speeding up the development of mobile communication technologies is the focus of the industry. The ideal communication system where both voice and data services can be delivered regardless of location, network, or terminal.