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WHAT ARE HEAT EXCHANGERS?
v Heat exchangers are one of the most common pieces of
equipment found in all plants.
v Heat Exchangers are components that allow the transfer
of heat from one fluid (liquid or gas) to another fluid.
v In a heat exchanger there is no direct contact between
the two fluids. The heat is transferred from the hot fluid to
the metal isolating the two fluids and then to the cooler
fluid.
v The mechanical design of a heat exchanger depends on
the operating pressure and temperature .
APPLICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
Heat exchange is used every where around the human and
its surroundings.

Heat exchangers are used in many industries, some of


which include:
v Waste water treatment,
v Refrigeration systems,
v Wine-brewery industry,
v Petroleum industry,
v In aircraft industry to make the aircraft cool during the
flights.
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGER
v Basic Classification
v Regenerative Type
v Recuperative Type

v Classification Based On Fluid Flow


v Liquid/Liquid
v Liquid/Gas
v Gas/Gas
v Classification by flow arrangements

  A Ò 
 

v Thermodynamically poor
v High thermal stresses since large
temperature difference at inlet

  - '     


v Thermodynamically superior
v Minimum thermal stresses
v Maximum heat recovery
v Least heat transfer area

   - Ò  
   
v In between the above
v Space is important
TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER
This type of heat exchanger are categorized in following types:-

v Double Pipes heat Exchanger


v Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
v Spiral Tube Heat Exchanger
DOUBLE-PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

Simplest type has one tube inside another - inner tube


may have longitudinal fins on the outside
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

v Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes. One set of these tubes
contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled. The second fluid runs over
the tubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or
absorb the heat required.

v A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of
tubes: plain, longitudinally finned.
PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER
This type of heat exchanger are categorized in following types:-

v Plate & Frame Heat Exchanger

v Spiral Heat Exchanger


PLATE & FRAME HEAT EXCHANGER
v A plate type heat exchanger consists of plates instead of tubes to separate
the hot and cold fluids.

v The hot and cold fluids alternate between each of the plates. Baffles direct
the flow of fluid between plates.

v Because each of the plates has a very large surface area, the plates
provide each of the fluids with an extremely large heat transfer area.

v Therefore a plate type heat exchanger, as compared to a similarly sized


tube and shell heat exchanger, is capable of transferring much more heat.

v This is due to the larger area the plates provide over tubes.
SELECTION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
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Terminal Temperatures
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Properties of Both Fluids
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Operating Pressure and Temperature
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Pressure Drop
Important for
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Heat Recovery

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Fouling
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Materials of Construction
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Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
ͻ An essential requirement for heat exchanger design or performance calculations.

ͻ Contributing factors include convection and conduction associated with the


two fluids and the intermediate solid, as well as the potential use of fins on both
sides and the effects of time-dependent surface fouling.

ͻ With subscripts  and  used to designate the   and   fluids, respectively,


the most general expression for the overall coefficient is:

 â ( â


 V( 

V
    
âË  (
âË  (
âË  âË 
ë þ
þ
  a  
  a 
a  
  ï


ë    a   a    

ë Ë  
 

 a

  a 
 
Ë aV(       â  Ë  
  ( 

 ›  a     a


      a  a 

Assuming an adiabatic tip, the fin efficiency is

   â 
Ë  V(   
   ( 

(  âï
 › ( 

 

V (      a a  

    ( 
A Methodology for Heat Exchanger
Design Calculations
- The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method -
ͻ A form of Newton͛s Law of Cooling may be applied to heat exchangers by
using a log-mean value of the temperature difference between the two fluids:
  s 
s s
s ±  ï
âs s ï

Evaluation of s  s ï depends on the heat exchanger type.

ͻ Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger:

s V  ( V
V   (V 

s ï Vï  ( Vï
V   ( V
ͻ Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger:

s V  (V
 V  ( V

s ï Vï  ( Vï
V  ( V

ë Note that  can not exceed  for a PF HX, but can do so for a CF HX.
ë For equivalent values of X and inlet temperatures,
s ± V s ± V 

ͻ Shell-and-Tube and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers:


s ±  s ± V
NTU METHOD

The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method is used to calculate the rate of heat transfer
in heat exchangers (especially counter current exchangers) when there is insufficient
information to calculate the Log-Mean Temperature Difference(LMTD).

ͻ Assume negligible heat transfer between the exchanger and its surroundings
and negligible potential and kinetic energy changes for each fluid.

 â V   V 

 ( â( V  ( V
     
ͻ Assuming no  phase change and constant specific heats,

 (
V â V  V  â V  V

 ( (
V( â ( V  ( V ( â ( V   ( V
 V( !  

Negligible or no change in â V  V 

Negligible or no change in ( â ( V  ( V 

s s ï s 
!
"  "
#$
%
$&X 
wherein:
hX is the overall heat-transfer coefficient,
h is the area of the heat-exchange surface, and
h is the Log Mean Temperature Difference.
Conclusions

v General heat exchanger selection situation


involves minimising cost subject to a long
list of possible constraints
v In general, robustness is a very important
factor - shell-and-tube exchangers may not
be the most efficient, but they score highly
in this category

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