PRESENTATION ON

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS)

SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-

Mrs. Rachna Jain Ajay Makvana
Amit Kumawat
Anveshak Pardhi
GIS: A FORMAL DEFINITION
“A system for capturing, storing, checking,
integrating, manipulating, analysing and
displaying data which are spatially
referenced to the Earth. This is normally
considered to involve a spatially referenced
computer database and appropriate
applications software”

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WHY IS GIS UNIQUE?

 GIS handles SPATIAL information

 Information referenced by its location in space

 GIS makes connections between activities

based on spatial proximity

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 Digital
Mapping

Computer
Photo-
Aided
grammetry
Design

GIS

Databases Surveying

Remote
Sensing

Cross-disciplinary nature of GIS

WHAT MAKES DATA SPATIAL?

Grid co-ordinate Placename

Latitude / Longitude

Postcode

Description
Distance & bearing

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL DATA
Geometry
 The shape of a
building or county
 The course of a
river, the route of a
road
 The shape of the
landscape, relief

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SPATIAL DATA: EXAMPLES
 Socio-economic data
 Regional
health data
 Consumer / lifestyle profiles
 Geodemographics

 Environmental data
 Topographic data
 Thematic data, soils, geology

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Data Modelling - step 1
• Features

– Buildings
– Road centrelines
– Lamp columns
– Gas pipes
– CTV Access covers
– Road surfaces

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DATA MODELLING - STEP 2

Point

Line

Polygon

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DATA MODELLING - STEP 3

Feature : Building
Object: Polygon
Entity: Tourist
Information
Bureau

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SPATIAL DATA STORAGE
7,10
5,9
10

Vector model
9,8
 4,7
polygon as geometric objects:
8,6
points, lines, polygons
1,6
6,6
5 2,5

line 5,4

point
2,2 4,1

5 10

as image files
composed of grid-cells
 Raster model (pixels)

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VECTOR DATA MODEL
 Advantage of the vector data format: allows precise
representation of points, boundaries, and linear
features.
 useful for analysis tasks that require accurate
positioning,
 for defining spatial relationship between coverage
features (topology), important for such purposes as
network analysis.
 Main disadvantage of vector data is that the boundaries
of the resulting map polygons are discrete (enclosed by
well-defined boundary lines), whereas in reality the
map polygons may represent continuous gradation or
gradual change, as in soil maps.
RASTER DATA MODEL
 Good for representing indistinct boundaries
 thematic information on soil types, soil
moisture, vegetation, ground temperatures.

 As reconnaissance satellites and aerial surveys

use raster-based scanners, the information (i.e;
scanned images) can be directly incorporated
into GIS.

 The higher the grid resolution, the larger the

data file is going to be
MODELLING THE REAL WORLD
y
1 1 20 50
1 2 24 45
1 3 52 55
2 1 0 45 46 40
x ...

0000000200
0000100002
0010000000
0200002220
1 ...

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Geo-relational Data Models

• Linked tables based on the relational

model, but storing geographical
information such as:
– Geometry
– Topology
– Attributes
THE BENEFITS OF GIS INCLUDE:
 Better information management

 Higher quality analysis

 Improve project efficiency

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GIS APPLICATIONS
 Facilities management
 Marketing and retailing
 Environmental
 Transport/vehicle routing
 Health
 Insurance
and many more . . .

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GIS VS GPS
 GIS is frequently confused with GPS because it is a
more generic acronym (Geographic Information
System) used to describe a more complex mapping
technology that is connected to a particular database.

 Because it’s generic, it is a broader term than the GPS

in its technical sense.

 Thus, GIS is a computer program or application that is

utilized to view and handle data about geographic
locations and spatial correlations among others. It
simply gives the user a framework to obtain
information.
 A N K
TH
Y O U