Artificial Intelligence and

Expert Systems

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 Overview of Artificial Intelligence
 Intelligent behavior

 Learn from experience

 Apply knowledge acquired from experience
 Handle complex situations
 Solve problems when important information is missing
 Determine what is important
 React quickly and correctly to a new situation
 Understand visual images
 Process and manipulate symbols
 Be creative and imaginative
 Use heuristics

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 Artificial Intelligence
The branch of computer science concerned with making
computers behave like humans.
 Games playing: programming computers to play games such as
chess and checkers
 Expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life
situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose
diseases based on symptoms)
 Natural language : programming computers to understand natural
human languages
 Neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting
to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal
brains
 Robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to
other sensory stimuli

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CONT..
Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are
able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have
occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess
programs are now capable of beating humans. In May, 1997, an IBM
super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion.

Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks,

which are proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice
recognition and natural-language processing.
There are several programming languages that are known as AI
languages because they are used almost exclusively for AI
applications.

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 Overview of Expert Systems
 Can…
 Explain their reasoning or suggested decisions
 Display intelligent behavior
 Draw conclusions from complex relationships
 Provide portable knowledge
 Expert system shell
 A collection of software packages and tools
used to develop expert systems

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 Expert Systems
 The expert system is a major application of AI
today. Also known as knowledge-based systems,
expert systems act as intelligent assistants to
human experts or serve as a resource to people
who may not have access to an expert.
 an expert system uses reasoning to draw
conclusions from stored information. The purpose
of this AI application is not to replace our human
experts, but to make their knowledge and
experience more widely available.

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 Limitations of Expert Systems

 Not widely used or tested

 Limited to relatively narrow problems
 Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge
 Possibility of error
 Cannot refine own knowledge base
 Difficult to maintain
 May have high development costs
 Raise legal and ethical concerns

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 Capabilities of Expert Systems

Strategic goal setting Explore impact of strategic goals

Planning Impact of plans on resources

Integrate general design principles and

Design
manufacturing limitations

Decision making Provide advise on decisions

Quality control and monitoring Monitor quality and assist in finding solutions

Diagnosis Look for causes and suggest solutions

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 When to Use an Expert System

 Provide a high potential payoff or significantly

reduced downside risk
 Capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertise
 Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at
the same time or in a hostile environment that is
dangerous to human health
 Provide expertise needed for training and
development to share the wisdom of human experts
with a large number of people

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 Components of an Expert System

 Knowledge base
 Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and
relationships used by the expert system
 Inference engine
 Seeks information and relationships from the
knowledge base and provides answers, predictions,
and suggestions in the way a human expert would
 Rule
 A conditional statement that links given conditions to
actions or outcomes

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 CONT..
 Fuzzy logic
 A specialty research area in computer science that
allows shades of gray and does not require everything
to be simply yes/no, or true/false
 Backward chaining
 A method of reasoning that starts with conclusions and
works backward to the supporting facts
 Forward chaining
 A method of reasoning that starts with the facts and
works forward to the conclusions

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 Explanation Inference
facility engine

Knowledge
Knowledge base User
base acquisition interface
facility

Experts User

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 Explanation Facility

 Explanation facility
 A part of the expert system that allows a user
or decision maker to understand how the
expert system arrived at certain conclusions or
results

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 Knowledge Acquisition Facility

 Knowledge acquisition facility

• Provides a convenient and efficient means of
capturing and storing all components of the
knowledge base

Knowledge
Knowledge acquisition
base facility

Joe Expert
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 Expert
system

Knowledge engineer
Domain expert Knowledge user

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 Evolution of Expert Systems Software

 Expert system shell

 Collection of software packages & tools to design,
develop, implement, and maintain expert systems

high
Expert system
shells
Ease of use

Special and 4th

generation
Traditional
languages
programming
languages
low
Before 1980 1980s 1990s

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 Advantages of Expert Systems

 Easy to develop and modify

 The use of satisficing
 The use of heuristics
 Development by knowledge engineers and
users

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 Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial
Intelligence

• Credit granting
• Information management and retrieval
• AI and expert systems embedded in products
• Plant layout
• Hospitals and medical facilities
• Help desks and assistance
• Employee performance evaluation
• Loan analysis
• Virus detection
• Repair and maintenance
• Shipping
• Marketing
• Warehouse optimization

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 ROBOTICS

The study and development of robots, is another common

application whose end goal can be anything from entertainment
(such as robot pets), to research (such as Mars rovers), to safety
(such as fire detection and extinguishment). Natural language
processing, a subfield of Artificial Intelligence, provides computers
with the understanding they require to handle information being
encoded by humans. Computer vision instructs computers on how to
comprehend images and scenes. It has as some of its goals: image
recognition, image tracking and image mapping. This application is
valued in the fields of medicine, security, surveillance, military
operations, even movie-making.

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 Speech Recognition

Computer speech recognition reached a practical level for

limited purposes. Thus United Airlines has replaced its
keyboard tree for flight information by a system using
speech recognition of flight numbers and city names. It is
quite convenient. On the other hand, while it is possible to
instruct some computers using speech, most users have
gone back to the keyboard and the mouse as still more
convenient.

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 Finance AND Marketing
Finance:-
Banks use intelligent software applications to screen and analyze
financial data. Software's that can predict trends in the stock market
have been created which have been known to beat humans in predictive
power.
Marketing:-
There is a marketing application which has been integrated with a
neural network system. The Airline Marketing Tactician (a trademark
abbreviated as AMT) is a computer system made of various intelligent
technologies including expert systems. A feed forward neural network
is integrated with the AMT and was trained using back-propagation to
assist the marketing control of airline seat allocations.

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 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing

paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as
the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the
novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a
large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons)
working in unison to solve specific problems. ANNs, like people, learn by
example. An ANN is configured for a specific application, such as pattern
recognition or data classification, through a learning process. Learning in
biological systems involves adjustments to the synaptic connections that
exist between the neurons. This is true of ANNs as well.

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 Applications of A. Neural Networks
 Given this description of neural networks and how they work,
what real world applications are they suited for? Neural networks
have broad applicability to real world business problems. In fact,
they have already been successfully applied in many industries.
 Since neural networks are best at identifying patterns or trends in
data, they are well suited for prediction or forecasting needs
including:
 sales forecasting
 industrial process control
 customer research
 data validation

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