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PSY 2335 Basic Statistics

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Concepts to review from earlier units
ë Correlation computations
ë Correlation in evaluating reliability and validity
ë Levels (Scales) of Measurement
ë Eight steps of hypothesis testing
 
 


ë |est hypotheses about correlations

ë Retain or reject null hypotheses
ë Describe the size of effects
ë Distinguish significance from meaningfulness
ë Distinguish correlation from
causation
ë Recognize linear relationships
within correlations
ë Use Excel to compute
Pearson correlations

 

 

 



Correlations measure 
 relationship

ë s X increases,
Y may also increase
ë s X increases,
Y may decrease
ë If X is unrelated to Y,
the scatterplot has
a ball shape
ë |o detect non-linear
relationships, it is
necessary to see a
plot, then use
advanced techniques.
Pearson correlation coefficient
ë If i
Œ.ŒŒ, there is no relationship
ë If i u +1.ŒŒ or -1.ŒŒ, there is a perfect relationship.
Y can be predicted exactly, based on X.
|his is very rare.
ë Correlations that are not perfect (not 1.ŒŒ or -1.ŒŒ)
measure the strength of relationship between two
variables, from very weak to very strong.
ë Some online games teach you to recognize the
general strength of a relationship from a scatterplot.
Review of the Meaning of
Positive and Negative Correlations
‡ In a 


 ! ‡ In a  


 !
correlation, the two correlation, the two
variables tend to change in variables tend to go in
the same direction opposite directions
± s the value of the 0 i ± s the 0 i  i


 i

i     i  i


 i the  i ±  
  
 i


 
  i
 i

±   0 i ‡

of correlation is
 i

   i

  i

 negative (±)
‡

of correlation is
positive (+)
Ñhat the Pearson Correlations measures

‰
á ‰
‰ á
 
[ ‰


‰
?[ ‰ á
‰ á
  

‡ Shared variability of X and Y variables on the top

‡ Individual variability of X and Y variables on the bottom
‡ In Excel, use CORREL and PERSON
‡ For several correlations, the |oolpak produces
a matrix of correlation coefficients.
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|esting level of shared variability
ë Coefficient of determination u i
ë Proportion of variability shared
ë Coefficient of alienation is
variability not shared u 1- i
ë 

ë Compares the size of the
correlation (r) with sample
size from which it came.
ë Could a correlation coefficient
this large occur if HΠwere true?
If not, reject the null hypothesis.
ë Large i more likely to be significant
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PSY 2335 Basic Statistics

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