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 This is the concept that each branch
performs unique and identifiable functions,
and the limitation of personnel to a specific
branch.

WHAT ARE SEPARATIONS OF POWER?

 This event forced state governments to
acknowledge the need for a stronger central
government that could exert stronger
controls over its citizens.

WHAT IS SHAY¶S REBELLION?

 This document which includes 27
paragraphs listing specific complaints of the
colonists against George III and his
ministers.

WHAT IS THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE?

In the original Constitution, this was the only
element of government that was placed
within direct control of the votes of the
majority

WHAT IS THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES?

 This compromise addressed the issue of
representation in Congress. It established a
bicameral legislature.

WHAT IS THE CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE?

 The Court ruled in this 1819 case, that
federal laws are supreme over state laws,
and when a state law comes into conflict
with a federal law, the federal law prevails.
This has come to be called the supremacy
clause.

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In this Supreme Court decision in 1824, the
court reaffirmed the concept of federal
supremacy over interstate trade and state
supremacy over intrastate trade. This
created dual federalism. The national
government has subsequently intruded into
matters once reserved for the states,

WHAT IS K

 

 In this landmark decision, the Court held
that the government cannot exercise prior
restraint (censorship), but can sue or
prosecute afterward.

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 Legislative vetoes are a method by which
Congress, in either one or both houses,
blocks a proposed executive action. These
vetoes were declared unconstitutional in
which 198 case
, when the Supreme Court decided that they
violated the doctrine of separation of
powers.

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 This type of government is where one
political party controls the presidency and
the other political party controls one or both
houses of Congress. This division creates
the potential for gridlock.

WHAT IS DIVIDED GOVERNMENT?

 This type of u
 describes when both
federal and state governments make laws
for their citizens. Both federal and state
governments have the power to tax, to
maintain courts, to define crimes, and to
appropriate private property for public use
(eminent domain).

WHAT ARE CONCURRENT POWERS?

This was added to the Constitution in 1791
because the Anti-Federalist attacks were so
strong that the founders feared the
Constitution would not be ratified.

WHAT IS THE BILL OF RIGHTS?

 Who said it?
³If men were angels, no government would be
necessary. If angels were to govern men,
neither external nor internal controls on
government would be necessary. A
dependence on the people is, no doubt, the
primary control on the government, but
experience has taught mankind the necessity
of auxiliary precautions.´

WHO IS MADISON?
 In this loveless relationship, the committee
members are responsible for the policy in
Congress, the interest group trying to
influence the policy from outside, and the
bureaucratic agency in charge of
implementing the policy. Today, however,
that simplistic theory has been replaced with
the theory of ³issue networks.´

WHAT IS THE IRON TRIANGLE?

 This is the congressional representation
technique in which distribution among the
states is based on the population of each of
the states

WHAT IS APPORTIONMENT?
This is person chosen by the majority part to
preside over the Senate when the Vice
President is absent. It is mostly a
ceremonial position lacking real power. The
Senate majority leader holds the real power.

WHAT IS THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE?

In the Senate, this is the method of limiting
a filibuster through petition and vote.

WHAT IS CLOTURE?
This is an attempt by members of Congress
to gain the support of other members in
return for their support on the member¶s
legislation.

WHAT IS LOGROLLING?
 These are permanent Congressional
committees such as: agriculture, veteran¶s
affairs, energy and natural resources,
among many others.

WHAT ARE STANDING COMMITTEES?

 In this system of governing, government
retains unlimited powers for the benefit of
elite rulers.

WHAT IS TOTALITARIANISM?
 In this type of government, all citizens
participate, meet, and make decisions about
public policy issues.

WHAT IS DIRECT DEMOCRACY?

In this type of government, citizens elect
representatives to make public policy
decisions in the citizens¶ interests.

WHAT IS REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY (REPUBLIC)?

 This plan was based on three principles.
These included a strong national legislature
with two chambers, one to be chosen by the
people and one chosen by the lower house;
a strong national executive to be chosen by
the national legislature; and a national
judiciary to be appointed by the legislature.
This plan appealed primarily to the larger
states, as it benefited their interests most.

WHAT IS THE VIRGINIA PLAN?

This plan proposed a unicameral legislature
with one vote for each state, a weak
executive elected by Congress, and a
national judiciary appointed by the
executive. It represented the interest of the
smaller states.

WHAT IS THE NEW ÈERSEY PLAN?

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These unfunded laws force states to pay for
programs that are required by federal law
yet not funded by federal dollars. This
make states either raise taxes or cut
services to citizens.

WHAT IS A MANDATE?
 This clause within Article IV of the
Constitution requires that states must
recognize each other¶s laws and legal
proceedings, such as marriages.

WHAT IS THE FULL AND CREDIT CLAUSE?

An amendment to the Constitution requires
a two-thirds majority vote of each house of
Congress and then be ratified by this
percentage of the state legislatures.

WHAT IS 75% (or ¾ )?

The necessary and proper clause of Article
I, Section 8 of the Constitution, is also
known as this, as it 
  Congress¶s
powers to make laws that help it carry out
its enumerated powers.

WHAT IS THE ELASTIC CLAUSE?

This is a procedure where voters approve or
disapprove a measure the state legislature
has already passed.

WHAT IS A REFERENDUM?
This theory holds that policy results when
the group with the dominant interest
prevails.

WHAT IS A PLURALIST THEORY?

 This is the tendency of the federal
government to place responsibility for how
grant money is spent in the hands of the
states. There is an emphasis on solving
problems at the state and local levels, rather
than at the federal level.

WHAT IS DEVOLUTION?
This theory of government claims that small
groups of individuals and/or businesses
dominate the policy making process in their
own interests.

WHAT IS ELITISM?
This is the idea that the U.S. contains so
many groups that represent so many
different interests that there is a virtual
deadlock of government action.

WHAT IS HYPER-PLURALISM?
This amendment including the incorporation
doctrine, protects individuals from state
violations of ³fundamental personal rights´

WHAT IS THE 14TH AMENDMENT?

This trend describes how voters today seem
less inclined to affiliate with any of the major
parties. Instead they are registering as
independents, which results in this for
political parties.

WHAT IS DEALIGNMENT?
This newly formed political party became
most identified with the antislavery
movement in the late 185 s

WHAT IS THE REPUBLICAN PARTY?

This type of political party is based on
social, political, or economic beliefs.

WHAT IS AN IDEOLOGICAL PARTY?

In these elections significant changes occur
in the way large groups of citizens vote,
shifting their political allegiance from one
political party to the other. Political
scientists identify the elections of 186 ,
1896 and 19 2 as examples of this.

WHAT ARE REALIGNMENT PERIODS?

 Between 1824-1865, the second party
system otherwise known as this, witnessed
the democratization of elections.

WHAT IS TWO-PARTY SYSTEM?

This type of lobbying refers to the lobbying
of everyday people in an attempt to rally
them to support a cause or join interest
groups. The goal is to get constituents to
argue your case for you. It is often quite
effective.

WHAT IS GRASSROOTS LOBBYING (MOBILIZATION)?

Interest groups tend to be biased towards
this economic class.

WHAT IS THE UPPER CLASS?

 This is the most important influence that
interest groups have regarding legislation.

WHAT IS PROVIDING INFORMATION?

This interest group strategy is the overnight
mobilization of the segment of the
population interested in a specific issue
using these means of communication and is
meant to bring about immediate political
pressure. This pressure mostly originates
from citizens outside of the formal political
world.

WHAT IS THE OUTSIDER STRATEGY?

 This type of public interest organizations
that research policy questions and
disseminate their findings in books, articles,
conferences, opinion essays for
newspapers, and (occasionally) testimony
before Congress.

WHAT ARE THINK TANKS?

 Widely accepted as the most significant of
the ° 
  
Èames Madison
explained in this article how a republic
would minimize the effect of divisive political
factions by dividing power among several
different parties. This action would negate
the effect of a single faction operating alone.

WHAT IS FEDERALIST 1 ?
 Following Revolution, this group of people
supported states¶ rights and feared a strong
central government. They believed that the
Constitution would create an elite economic
class that would abuse individual rights.
Finally, they wanted fewer limits on popular
participation in the political process.

WHO ARE ANTI-FEDERALISTS?

 This compromise balanced the interests of
the northern and southern states. The North
wanted slaves counted for taxation but not
representation, and the south wanted slaves
counted for representation but not taxation.

WHAT IS THE THREE FIFTHS COMPROMISE?

 In what has been called the theory behind
the practice of modern American politics,
this man advised the prince of Florence that
³it is better to be feared than to be loved,´
and that the appearance of being an honest,
trustworthy ruler is more important than
actually being an honest, trustworthy leader.

WHO IS MACHIAVELLI?
In the   
  
 Government,
this man argued that ³the consent of the
governed is the only true basis of a king or
sovereign¶s right to rule.´ Therefore, a chief
executive, is limited by this social contract
with the governed.

WHO IS ÈOHN LOCKE?

 
 

 

  
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