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In the first, MOS transistors operating in their linear region have been
used to replace resistors in active RC filters. However, filters based on
this approach have suffered from low dynamic range due to the MOS
transistor nonlinearity.
There are different topologies to realize a second order low pass filter
design. To mention a few of them, active RC, switched capacitor and
Gm-C filters are used widely.
So, Gm ±C filters are best chosen for low pass filter implementation
because of its ability to operate at low supply voltage, wide tuning
range and good controllability.OTA is an important building block in
the design of Gm±C filter topology.
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The Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTA¶s) are used in
microelectronics applications to drive small capacitive loads at high
frequencies.
An OTA can also be defined as an amplifier where all nodes are low
impedance except the input and output nodes. Characteristic feature of
an ideal transconductance amplifier is that it has infinite input and
output resistances.
The settling speed depends on the unity gain frequency and a single pole
settling behavior whereas high settling accuracy requires high DC gain of
the Opamps.
Fig. 1 Fig.2
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This means that for process variations, the gain is largely depending
on the accuracy of these bias voltages.
Two approaches:
Fig. 4 Fig. 5
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The need of high gain due to high final resolution leads to find
solution to increase the DC gain of the Opamp and specifically for
first stage
The gain boosting can increase the gain at low frequencies. This
means that the bandwidth has to be greater than the first stage
bandwidth.
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Fig. 6
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Fig. 7
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Fig. 8
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Temp = 27 º C
Vtn = 0.5048265
Vtp = -0.6897992
Power supply=3.3v
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DC Gain53dB
DC Gain51dB
DC Gain5dB
Transient analysis for
Complementary CMFB Circuit
fc365KHz
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Gm110S Gm0S
Transconductance analysis for Gain boosted OTA
Gm160S
Various Parameters for different types of OTA¶s
Parameter Gain NMOS PMOS
Boosted Folded Folded
OTA Cascode Cascode
Gain(dB) 95 53 51
R.Jacob Baker, Harry .Li and David E.Boyce, CMOS circuit design,
layout and simulation.