ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Classification of DC machines

DC Generators

- Separately excited

- Armature reaction
 CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Several possible connections for field and armature circuits

- classification of DC machines is determined by the way
they are connected

Separately excited dc machine

Ea


 CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Shunt dc machine

Ea


 CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Series dc machine

Ea


 CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Compound dc machine - short shunt

Ea


 CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Compound dc machine – long shunt

Ea


 DC GENERATORS

Electrical input Mechanical output

ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
- Motor -

Electrical output Mechanical input

ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
- Generator -
 DC GENERATORS

Power low from mechanical to electrical

Rotor is rotated by a prime mover at constant speed
Armature terminal is connected to a load

Electrical output Mechanical input

ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
- Generator -
 DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator

Ea


 DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator

Ra La

+ Lf Rfc
+ + RL
vf Rfw Ea Vt


 

Lf - Field winding inductance Ra – Armature winding resistance

La - Armature winding inductance

Rfc – External field resistance

LL – External Load
Rfw – Field winding resistance
 DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator

Ra La

+ Lf Rfc
+ + RL
vf Rfw Ea Vt


 

Under steady state condition Lf and La can be ‘removed’

 DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator

Ra

+ Rfc
+ + RL
vf Rfw Ea Vt


 

Under steady state condition Lf and La can be ‘removed’ from the circuit
 DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator

If Ra Ia
It

+ Rfc
+ + RL
vf Rfw Ea Vt


 

Vf = (Rfc + Rfw)If Ea = IaRa + Vt

Ea = K a  m

V t = I a RL , also It = Ia
 DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator

Terminal characteristic

Load characteristic
Vt Ea

IaRa

Operating point

Ea = IaRa + Vt

V t = I a RL
It
 DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction


Flux due to field winding alone

Airgap flux density

0  2 
 DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

When armature current flows (i.e. terminal is connected to

the load), armature produces MMF

MMF produces results in flux which will ‘disturb’ field flux

 DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

Flux at one side of the pole may saturate

Zero flux region shifted

Flux saturation, effective flux per pole decreases

 DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

Ea Eao= Vto without load current

With Ia, AR causes

reduction in Ea since flux
per pole decreases
Ea = Vt + IaRa

Ifield
 DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

Vt = Ea - IaRa

As Ia increases, Ea
reduces due to AR
 DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

Vt = Ea - IaRa

Ea = Vt + IaRa

Since AR causes a decrease in Ea , the effect of AR can be considered

as a reduction in field current

If(eff) = If(actual) – If(AR)

 DC GENERATORS

Armature Reaction

The mmf produced by rotor can be neutralized using compensating winding

Armature current flows in

compensating winding will cancel out
mmf produced by armature winding
 DC GENERATORS

Compensating winding

Expensive and normally installed in

large machines