Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TO
ELECTRICAL
POWER
DISTRIBUTION
by
by
N.Ramchander,
N.Ramchander,
Asst
AsstProfessor,
Professor,
EEED-BVRIT.
EEED-BVRIT.
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Introduction
History of Electricity (General Concept)
Characteristics of Present Distribution System
Distribution System Losses
Distribution System Planning
Factors Affecting Distribution System Planning
Load Modeling and their Characteristics
Classification of loads and their Characteristics
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
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Modern View of Power System
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History
History of
of Electricity
Electricity
The electric utility industry was started in 1882 when the first
electric station “Pearl Street Electric Station” in New York City, went
into operation.
Now electricity is the most utilized and useful form of energy in the
modern societies with out it, the present social infrastructure would
not at all be feasible.
The increasing in per capita consumption of electricity throughout
the world reflects growing standard of living of the people.
The optimum utilization by society of this form of energy can
ensured by an effective distribution system.
Electrical Power is the basic Infrastructure for economic
development of any developing country like INDIA.
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Present
Present Power
PowerScenario
Scenarioin
in INDIA
INDIA
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In INDIA, phenomenal expansion has taken place in the
in the area of power systems since last FIVE DECADES.
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For example generation capacity has grown at an average rate
of 12% and reached a level of more than 1,57,000MW(Approx) as
on today.
Similarly the development of transmission network followed the
growth, starting with a meager Tr.network, with 132KV as the
highest Tr. Voltage at the time of Independence, today beside
HVDE lines, we have 765KV as the highest Tr.voltage.
And five regional grids under operation and formation of a
National Grid inter connecting all the regional grids in under
progress (like National Highways)
In our country out of total 5,87,258 villages as per 1991 survey
more than 86% villages have been electrified, 13 states are 100%
electrified.
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Distribution
DistributionSystem
System
The distribution system is particularly important to an electrical
utility for two reasons
1. it’s close proximity to the customers
2. it’s high cost of investment
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Distribution System Considerations
In determining the design of distribution systems, three
broad classifications of choices need to be considered:
1. The type of electric system: dc or ac, and if ac, single-
phase or poly phase.
2. The type of delivery system: radial, loop, or network. Radial
systems include duplicate and throwover systems.
3. The type of construction: overhead or underground.
DESIRED FEATURES
1. Safety
2. Smooth and Even Flow of Power
3. Economy
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Types of Electric Systems
Direct Current Systems
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12
Direct Current Systems
2. Three-wire Systems
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3. Series system
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2.Three-wire Systems
3.Five-wire Systems
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Alternating Current Three-phase Systems
1. Four-wire Systems
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2.Three-wire Systems
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17
Alternating Current Six-phase Systems
1. Six-wire Systems
2.Seven-wire Systems
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• Types of Delivery Systems:
1. Primary distribution, which carries the load at higher
than utilization voltages from the substation (or other source)
to the point where the voltage is stepped down to the value at
which the energy is utilized by the consumer.
Primary distribution systems include three basic types:
• 1. Radial systems, including duplicate and throwover systems
• 2. Loop systems, including both open and closed loops
• 3. Primary network systems
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Principle of Operation
12/09/21 MZS 31
31
FKEE, UMP
Induction motor speed
nslip nsync nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
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The Slip
nsync nm
s
nsync
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units
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Problem(1)
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Solution
120 f e 120(60)
1. nsync 1800 rpm
P 4
2. nm (1 s )ns
(1 0.05) 1800 1710 rpm
3. f r sf e 0.05 60 3Hz
Pout Pout
4. load
m 2 nm
60
10 hp 746 watt / hp
41.7 N .m
1710 2 (1/ 60)
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Problem(2)
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Example 1
1. A 4 poles, 3 Induction Motor operates from a supply
which frequency is 50Hz. Calculate:
a. The speed at which the magnetic field is rotating
b. The speed of the rotor when slip is 0.04
c. The frequency of the rotor when slip is 3%.
d. The frequency of the rotor at standstill
Solution
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Example 2
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Previous Questions from IM
• 1. Explain the working principle of three phase
induction motor.
• 2. Explain with the help of suitable diagrams how
rotating magnetic field is produced
• in a three phase induction motor.
• 3. Explain with neat sketches the construction of a
synchronous machine.
• 4. A 6 pole induction motor is fed by three phase 50
HZ supply and running with
• a full load slip of 3%. Find the full load speed of
induction motor and also
• the frequency of rotor emf.
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