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INTRODUCTION

TO
ELECTRICAL
POWER
DISTRIBUTION

by
by
N.Ramchander,
N.Ramchander,
Asst
AsstProfessor,
Professor,
EEED-BVRIT.
EEED-BVRIT.
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS

Introduction
History of Electricity (General Concept)
Characteristics of Present Distribution System
Distribution System Losses
Distribution System Planning
Factors Affecting Distribution System Planning
Load Modeling and their Characteristics
Classification of loads and their Characteristics

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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

Classical Structure of Power System

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Modern View of Power System

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History
History of
of Electricity
Electricity
 The electric utility industry was started in 1882 when the first
electric station “Pearl Street Electric Station” in New York City, went
into operation.
 Now electricity is the most utilized and useful form of energy in the
modern societies with out it, the present social infrastructure would
not at all be feasible.
 The increasing in per capita consumption of electricity throughout
the world reflects growing standard of living of the people.
 The optimum utilization by society of this form of energy can
ensured by an effective distribution system.
 Electrical Power is the basic Infrastructure for economic
development of any developing country like INDIA.

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Present
Present Power
PowerScenario
Scenarioin
in INDIA
INDIA

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 In INDIA, phenomenal expansion has taken place in the
in the area of power systems since last FIVE DECADES.

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 For example generation capacity has grown at an average rate
of 12% and reached a level of more than 1,57,000MW(Approx) as
on today.
 Similarly the development of transmission network followed the
growth, starting with a meager Tr.network, with 132KV as the
highest Tr. Voltage at the time of Independence, today beside
HVDE lines, we have 765KV as the highest Tr.voltage.
 And five regional grids under operation and formation of a
National Grid inter connecting all the regional grids in under
progress (like National Highways)
 In our country out of total 5,87,258 villages as per 1991 survey
more than 86% villages have been electrified, 13 states are 100%
electrified.

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Distribution
DistributionSystem
System
 The distribution system is particularly important to an electrical
utility for two reasons
1. it’s close proximity to the customers
2. it’s high cost of investment

 Mainly distribution systems are two types


1. Primary Distribution (33KV/11KV)
2. Secondary Distribution (11KV/440V)

 Household electricity is alternating current (AC)


 Household voltages are typically 120V or 240V

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Distribution System Considerations
 In determining the design of distribution systems, three
broad classifications of choices need to be considered:
1. The type of electric system: dc or ac, and if ac, single-
phase or poly phase.
2. The type of delivery system: radial, loop, or network. Radial
systems include duplicate and throwover systems.
3. The type of construction: overhead or underground.
 DESIRED FEATURES
1. Safety
2. Smooth and Even Flow of Power
3. Economy

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Types of Electric Systems
 Direct Current Systems

 Alternating Current Single-Phase Systems


1. Two-wire Systems
2. Three-wire Systems
3. Series system
 Alternating Current Two-phase Systems
1. Four-wire Systems
2. Three-wire Systems
3. Five-wire Systems
 Alternating Current Three-phase Systems
1. Four-wire Systems
2. Three-wire Systems
Alternating Current Six-phase Systems
1. Six-wire Systems
2. Seven-wire Systems

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Direct Current Systems

 Alternating Current Single-Phase Systems


1. Two-wire Systems

AC single-phase two wire system.

2. Three-wire Systems

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3. Series system

 Alternating Current Two-phase Systems


1. Four-wire Systems

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2.Three-wire Systems

3.Five-wire Systems

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Alternating Current Three-phase Systems
1. Four-wire Systems

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2.Three-wire Systems

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 Alternating Current Six-phase Systems
1. Six-wire Systems

2.Seven-wire Systems

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• Types of Delivery Systems:
1. Primary distribution, which carries the load at higher
than utilization voltages from the substation (or other source)
to the point where the voltage is stepped down to the value at
which the energy is utilized by the consumer.
 Primary distribution systems include three basic types:
• 1. Radial systems, including duplicate and throwover systems
• 2. Loop systems, including both open and closed loops
• 3. Primary network systems

2. Secondary distribution, which includes that part of the


system operating at utilization voltages, up to the meter at the
consumer’s premises.

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Principle of Operation

• Torque producing mechanism


 When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3
phase voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow in the
windings,
windings hence the stator is energized.
 A rotating flux Φ is produced in the air gap. The flux Φ
induces a voltage Ea in the rotor winding (like a
transformer).
 The induced voltage produces rotor current, if rotor
circuit is closed.
 The rotor current interacts with the flux Φ, producing
torque. The rotor rotates in the direction of the rotating
flux.
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FKEE, UMP
Direction of Rotor Rotates

• Q: How to change the direction of


• rotation?
• • A: Change the phase sequence of the
• power supply.

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FKEE, UMP
Induction motor speed

• At what speed will the IM run?


– Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
– If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same
speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will
appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the
rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no induced
current will flow in the rotor and no rotor magnetic flux will
be produced so no torque is generated and the rotor speed
will fall below the synchronous speed
– When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
the rotor windings and a torque is produced
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Induction motor speed

• So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the


synchronous speed
• The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip

nslip  nsync  nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
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The Slip

nsync  nm
s
nsync
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units
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Problem(1)

(p)A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected


induction motor has a full-load slip of 5 percent
1. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
2. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
3. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated
load?
4. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?

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Solution

120 f e 120(60)
1. nsync    1800 rpm
P 4

2. nm  (1  s )ns
 (1  0.05) 1800  1710 rpm

3. f r  sf e  0.05  60  3Hz
Pout Pout
4.  load  
m 2 nm
60
10 hp  746 watt / hp
  41.7 N .m
1710  2  (1/ 60)
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Problem(2)

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Example 1
1. A 4 poles, 3 Induction Motor operates from a supply
which frequency is 50Hz. Calculate:
a. The speed at which the magnetic field is rotating
b. The speed of the rotor when slip is 0.04
c. The frequency of the rotor when slip is 3%.
d. The frequency of the rotor at standstill
Solution

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Example 2

2. A 500hp, 3 6 poles, 50Hz Induction Motor has a


speed of 950rpm on full load. Calculate the slip.
Solution

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Previous Questions from IM
• 1. Explain the working principle of three phase
induction motor.
• 2. Explain with the help of suitable diagrams how
rotating magnetic field is produced
• in a three phase induction motor.
• 3. Explain with neat sketches the construction of a
synchronous machine.
• 4. A 6 pole induction motor is fed by three phase 50
HZ supply and running with
• a full load slip of 3%. Find the full load speed of
induction motor and also
• the frequency of rotor emf.
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