Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Intelligence
2
Terminal Learning Objective
• ACTION: Identify the role of intelligence in the
tactical Army.
• CONDITION: In a classroom with the use of
references
• STANDARD: The student will identify the four
intelligence tasks IAW FM 2-0 and how they are
influenced by the variables of the Contemporary
Operational Environment.
3
Admin Data
4
Warfighting Functions
• Maneuver
• Intelligence
• Fire Support
• Air Defense Artillery
• Command and Control
• Logistics
• Mobility, Survivability,
Counter-Mobility
5
Your S2 Section
Half of the MI
• Brigade S2 • BATTALION S2
–
–
Branch
MI (35D) MAJ
MI (35D) CPT
–
–
MI (35D) CPT
MI ( 35D) LT
– MI (35D) CPT – INF (11) MSG
– INF (11) MSG – MI (96B) SSG*
– MI (96B) SFC* – MI (96B) SL1
Works at Corp
–
–
MI (96B) SGT
4 MI (96B) SL1
Level or Higher
– INF (11) SL1
6
What is MI??
1-1. The commander requires intelligence about the
enemy and the battlespace prior to engaging in
operations in order to effectively execute battles,
engagements, and other missions across the full
spectrum of operations. Intelligence assists the
commander in visualizing his battlespace,
organizing his forces, and controlling operations to
achieve the desired tactical objectives or end-state.
Intelligence supports force protection by alerting
the commander to emerging threats and assisting in
security operations.
7
Intelligence - The Forms
8
The Four Intelligence Tasks
9
The Four Intelligence Tasks
10
Enabling Learning Objective #1
• ACTION: Discuss the role of the
Intelligence soldier in Support to Situational
Understanding.
• CONDITION: In a classroom with the aid
of References.
• STANDARD: The student will understand
that all intelligence tasks stem from the
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield
(IPB) process and what input they will have
as a platoon leader. 11
12
Enabling Learning Objective #2
13
IPB Definition
14
Objective
16
The Four Steps of IPB
17
The IPB Process
4 1
3 2
Continuous Systematic
18
Define The Battlefield
Environment
PL Zinc
XX
II
PL Silver
20
The IPB Process
4 1
3 2
Continuous Systematic
21
Describe The Battlefield Effects
23
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
OCOKA
• OBSERVATION - The ability of a force to see the
enemy either visually or through the use of
surveillance devices.
– From where can the enemy see me?
– Where can I see the enemy from here?
• FIELDS OF FIRE - An area that a weapon or
groups of weapons can effectively cover with fire
from a given position.
– From where can the enemy shoot me?
– Where can I shoot the enemy from here? 24
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
OCOKA
• COVER - Physical protection from the effects
of both direct and indirect fires.
– Examples - Ditches, caves, hills, ravines, river
banks, shell craters, buildings, fighting positions,
and embankments.
• CONCEALMENT - Protection from
observation.
– Examples - Camouflage, weeds, underbrush, tall
grass, heavy vegetation, rocky outcrops.
25
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
OCOKA
• OBSTACLES - Natural or man-made terrain
features that stop, impede, or divert military
movement.
– Obstacles are the foundation of an engagement area.
– Can I stop/slow the enemy here long enough to mass
fires upon him?
– Will the enemy stop/slow me here and try to mass fires
upon me?
– Use the MCOO to graphically depict obstacles. 26
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
OCOKA
• KEY TERRAIN
– Any natural or man-made feature which gives the
force which controls it an advantage.
– Consider the following in analyzing terrain:
• Mission
• Level of Command
• Type of Unit.
– Does that piece of terrain aid me in the
accomplishment of my mission?
– Would it aid the enemy in the accomplishment of
his mission? 27
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
OCOKA
• AVENUES OF APPROACH
– Air or ground route of an attacking force which
leads to the objective or key terrain within its
path.
– On the attack, ask - what route can I take to the
objective?
– In the defense, ask - what route could the
enemy take to get to me or the objective?
28
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• Always consider both mounted and dismounted
avenues of approach.
• Develop a MCOO (Modified Combined Obstacle
Overlay) to identify avenues of approach.
• Consider
– doctrinal distances
– formations
– speeds
– maneuver space.
29
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• Classify terrain as it pertains to maneuverability
into one of three categories:
– UNRESTRICTED. Free of any restriction to
movement. Units maneuver at doctrinal
speeds/distances. Nothing needs to be done to
enhance mobility.
– RESTRICTED. Terrain hinders movement. Units
must adjust doctrinal distances or speeds. Some
effort required to enhance mobility .
– SEVERELY RESTRICTED. Terrain severely hinders
movement. Units cannot travel at doctrinal distances
and speeds. 30
K9
II
AA3C
I
AA3B
LOA
II
II
(PL Gold)
II
II
K8
II
II
K7b
II
PL Zinc AA4A
K7a
II
II
II
XX K5
II
K6
X
K3 X AA4B
K2 K4 PL Silver
II
I
II
II
II
K1 31
II
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• OTHER ASPECTS OF THE BATTLEFIELD
• Examples include:
– Logistical Infrastructure (Sources of potable water, power
production facilities, natural resources, communications
system, transportation system)
– Population Demographics (Education levels, cultural
distinctions, religious beliefs)
– Economic Conditions
– Politics (Local, regional and international, treaties,
‘unofficial’ politics (gangs, warlords))
32
Summary
• Terminal Learning Objective
ACTION: Identify the role of intelligence in
the tactical Army.
• Enabling Learning Objectives
1. ACTION: Discuss the role of the Intelligence
soldier in Support to Situational Understanding
2. ACTION: Conduct IPB in as leader.
33
34
The IPB Process
4 1
3 2
Continuous Systematic
35
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
(FM 34-81-1)
– Visibility
– Winds
– Precipitation
– Cloud Cover
– Temperature and Humidity
36
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• VISIBILITY
– Light data (BMNT, EENT, Sunrise, Sunset,
Moon Phases)
– Laser range finding
– Poor visibility increases light infantry survivability
• WINDS
– Smoke / Chemical dispersion
– Decrease trajectory data and first hit probability
– Affects airborne, air assault, aviation operations
37
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• PRECIPITATION
– Degrades mobility
– Limits visibility
– Degrades weapons effectiveness
– Affects troop morale
• CLOUD COVER
– Heavy cloud cover limits illumination and solar heating of
targets
– Degrades many target acquisition systems
– Ceiling affects aviation operations
38
Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
4 1
3 2
Continuous Systematic
40
Evaluate The Threat
42
DOCTEMP
I I
Fire Sac
43
Description Of Tactics And
Options
• Operations of the major units or elements
portrayed on the template
• Activities of the different battlefield operating
systems.
• Listing or description of options available to
the threat should the operation fail
(branches), or subsequent operations if it
succeeds (sequels).
44
Identify High Value Targets
45
Identify Threat Capabilities
(Can the enemy dance?)
• Four tactical COAs open to military forces in
conventional operations:
• Attack.
• Defend.
• Reinforce.
• Conduct a retrograde.
• Broad COAs can be divided into a variety of more
specific COAs.
46
BOS Capabilities
(Equipment and Capabilities)
• Examples of these types of capabilities are--
– Use of NBC weapons.
– Use of supporting air assets.
– Intelligence collection.
– Electronic Warfare.
– Engineering operations.
– Air assault or airborne operations.
– Amphibious assaults.
– Psychological operations (PSYOP).
– Deception operations. 47
The IPB Process
4 1
3 2
Continuous Systematic
48
Determine Threat COAs
(How the Enemy will Dance)
• Identify the threat's likely
objectives and desired end
state.
• Identify full set of COAs
available to the threat SITEMPs.
• Evaluate and prioritize each
COA.
• Develop each COA in the
amount of detail time allows.
• Identify initial collection
requirements. 49
Identify Threat's Likely
Objectives/Desired End State.
50
Identify Full Set of COAs
Available to the Threat.
• Develop as many potential COAs as time allows.
• Criteria for each COA
– suitability
– feasibility
– acceptability
– uniqueness
– consistency with doctrine.
• Situation templates are graphic depictions of
expected threat dispositions should he adopt a
particular COA
51
I
I I
Enemy SOP
Fire Sac (Threat Model)
Environment
(Terrain Weather)
I I
I Enemy COA
Fire Sac
(SITEMP)
52
Develop Each COA in the
Amount of Detail Time Allows.
• WHAT
• WHEN
• WHERE
• HOW
• WHY
53
IPB for Special Staff and Support
Units
4 1
Determine Define The
Threat Battlefield
COAs Environment
3 2
Continuous Systematic
• Determines if
friendly forces are
– under threat of
enemy action
– in proper security
posture
– informed of the
threat
58
Enabling Learning Objective #3
59
Definitions
60
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
MEASURES
• The enemy must not get information about
US operations.
• This means that you and your fellow
soldiers must:
– Practice camouflage principles and
techniques.
– Practice noise and light discipline.
– Practice field sanitation.
– Use proper radiotelephone procedure.
61
Counterintelligence Measures
62
What Defines A SAEDA Incident?
63
What If I Am Approached?
• Don’t play James Bond
• Don’t make any deals, agreements or think about anything.
• Don’t try to apprehend or be your own SWAT team
• Simply stay calm, get info, and buy time then report.
Reporting Procedures
• Recall as many details as possible as SOON as possible.
Make notes of what occurred.
• Contact your S2 / security manager.
• Inform as few people as possible, generally only two (your
commander and the S2)
• If outside US, report it to nearest military authority or US
Embassy/Consulate. 64
65
Summary
• Terminal Learning Objective
ACTION: Identify the role of intelligence in
the tactical Army.
• Enabling Learning Objectives
2. ACTION: Conduct IPB in as leader.
3. ACTION: Identify elements of Subversion And
Espionage Directed Against The U.S. Army
(SAEDA)
66
67
68
The Four Intelligence Tasks
69
Enabling Learning Objective #4
• ACTION: Discuss Intelligence Personnel
Support to Strategic Responsiveness.
• CONDITION: With the aid of References.
• STANDARD: The student will correctly
identify the role of intelligence personnel
and leaders in preparing soldiers to act in
any operational environment as well as
identify the challenges posed by the
variables of the Contemporary Operational
Environment
70
Operational Environment
the COE
Operational
Information Environment Nature &
Stability of
the State
Economics Technology
Physical External
Environment Organizations
73
Physical Environment
(Operational Environment Factors)
74
Nature/Stability of State
(Operational Environment Factors)
both sides.
77
Alliances And Coalitions
(Operational Environment Factors)
78
Military Capabilities
(Operational Environment Factors)
79
Military Capabilities
(WMD in Third World States)
• Negate US advantages
• Threaten higher casualties
• Complicate military planning
• Perception of military strength
• Interfere with force buildup / early entry
• Complicate operations
• Require protective measures
80
Who Has Nuclear Weapons
• Nuclear
– US, UK, France, Russia, Pakistan, India,
China, North Korea, Israel???
• Suspected to have Nuclear Weapons
– Libya, Iran
81
Technology
(Operational Environment Factors)
• Symmetric capabilities.
– Level the playing field.
– A few systems that are more advanced.
82
Technology
(Operational Environment Factors)
• Asymmetric counters to
our high-tech systems.
– Less advanced systems in
complex/urban settings.
– Selected niche areas.
– Low-cost, high-payoff new
technologies.
– Upgrades and hybrids.
– Precision munitions.
• Technological surprise.
83
Information
(Operational Environment Factors)
• Information-based
society and information
technology.
– Computers.
– Other information systems.
• Information warfare.
– Information systems attack.
– Psychological warfare.
?
– Deception.
84
Information
(Operational Environment Factors)
• Media and global information
flow.
– Transparency (access to data).
– Sway public and political
opinion.
• Many factors to take into
consideration.
• Very short time to react.
• Strategic implication of the
tactical incident- the strategic
corporal (he works for you). 85
86
External Organizations
(Operational Environment Factors)
• International humanitarian assistance.
– Manmade and natural disasters.
– Disease, hunger, and poverty.
88
Time
(Operational Environment Factors)
89
Economics
(Operational Environment Factors)
90
11 Variables
94
Nation-state Actors
• Categories of nation states
– Core States (Major Powers).
– Transition States (Want-to-be).
– Rogue States (Hostile).
– Failed or Failing States (Instability).
97
Other Areas of Concern
(SatireWire)
98
Failed or Failing States
(Instability).
• Weaker countries
falling apart.
• Revolution
• Economic collapse
99
Countries Can Switch Categories
• Iran - long time ally of U.S. became rogue
nation
• Soviet Union/Russia - once a world power -
now is a collection of transition and failing
states.
• Rogue actors
101
Rogue Actors
– Terrorist.
– Drug-trafficking.
– Criminal.
102
Third Party Actors
– Media
– External Orgs
– Civilians
103
Indication and Warnings
SO WHAT???
• Analysis of
situation
development.
– What does this mean?
– Why would the enemy
do this?
• Determines enemy’s
future intentions
104
Summary
• Terminal Learning Objective
ACTION: Identify the role of intelligence in the
tactical Army.
• Enabling Learning Objectives
4. ACTION: Discuss Intelligence Personnel Support to
Strategic Responsiveness.
5. ACTION: Identify the Critical Variables in the COE
6. ACTION: Categorize Actors
Nation State
Core, Transition, Failed or Failing, Rogue
Switch categories & may one day face multinational
coalition
Non-Nation
Rogue
Third Party 105
106
107
The Four Intelligence Tasks
108
Enabling Learning Objective #7
110
111
ISR
112
Surveillance and Reconnaissance
• FM 34-8
115
How Do I Contribute as a LT?
Reporting!!!
Salute Report
SIZE
ACTIVITY
LOCATION
UNIT / UNIFORM
TIME
EQUIPMENT
117
The Five S’s
SEARCH
SILENCE
SEGREGATE
SAFEGUARD
SPEED TO THE REAR
118
The Unapproved Five S’s
SUBDUE BY FORCE
SLAP DOWN
SHAKE UNTIL BLUE
SLAM HEAD INTO WALL
SCAR WITH BAYONET
119
Search
• Search PWs as soon as
they are captured.
• Take weapons and
papers, EXCEPT
identification papers and
protective masks.
• Give them a written
receipt for any personal
property and documents
taken.
• Tag documents and
personal property to show
which PW had them.
120
Captured Equipment Tag
• Before evacuating a
PW, attach a tag to him.
You can make these
tags yourself.
• The battalion S2 should
be able to supply these
tags.
121
HANDLING CAPTURED
DOCUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
122
Segregate
• Segregate PWs
– By Sex
• And Into Subgroups Such As
– Enlisted Personnel
– Civilians
– Political Figures.
• This keeps the leaders from promoting
escape efforts. Keep the groups
segregated as you move them to the rear.
123
Silence
• Silence PWs
• Do not let them talk to each other.
• This keeps them from planning
escape and cautioning each other on
security.
• Report anything a PW says or does.
124
Speed
125
Safeguard
• Safeguard PWs when taking them to the
rear.
• Do not let anyone abuse them.
• Watch for escape attempts.
• Do not let PWs bunch up, spread out too
far, or start diversions (Such conditions
may create a chance for escape).
• If a PW is wounded and cannot be
evacuated through normal channels, turn
him over to medical personnel to be
evacuated through medical channels.
126
127
The Four Intelligence Tasks
128
Enabling Learning Objective #8
• Re-attack Recommendation.
• Part of collection plan.
133
Targeting Process
• Decide • IPB
– HVTs identified
– HVTs depicted in
different COAs on
• Detect SITTEMPS
– Specific areas identified
where enemy actions will
occur
• Deliver • Situation Development
– Collection plan based on
EVENTTEMP
– Collection assets
• Assess refocused after targets
are engaged
134
Asymmetric Warfare
• 5 S’s
– Search, Silence, Segregate, Safeguard, Speed To The Rear
• Captured Equipment
– Tag and ship
• SAEDA
– Simply stay calm, get info, and buy time then report.
137
What is the IPB ?
138
What is the purpose of the MCOO ?
139
•What are the 11 Critical variables of the COE?
– Physical Environment
– Makeup of Population
– Nature/Stability of State
– Military Capabilities
– Technology
– Information
– Alliances & Coalitions
– External Organizations
– National Will
– Time
– Economics 140
• Which is the most complex Variable?
– Military Capabilities
141