Performance Evaluation of

CDMA Networks
Mid-Term Presentation
Rahul Kumar
Basic Network Architecture
Forward & Reverse Channels
Walsh Codes
 Walsh codes are used to identify users on the forward link.

 Hadamard Matrices are used to generate Walsh Codes

 There are 64 different sequences in the Walsh Code and each

sequence is 64 chips long. Some of these codes are used for setting up
the channels and the rest are used for the transmission of the data.

 All Walsh codes are mutually orthogonal and this means that the
correlation of two codes results in 32 1’s and 32 0’s.
Pilot Channel: Walsh Code 0

The Pilot is a structural beacon which does not contain a character stream. It is used as a timing source
in system acquisition and as a measurement devise during handoffs. It allows the mobile stations to
acquire the timing of the forward channel and serves as a phase reference for demodulation. It allows
the mobile to search out the best base station for acquisition & hand off.

SYNC Channel: Walsh Code 32

This carries a data stream of system identification and parameter information used by mobiles during
system acquisition.
 
Paging Channel: Walsh Codes 1 up to 7

There can be from one to seven paging channels as determined by capacity needs. They carry pages,
system parameters, information and call set up orders.
 
Traffic Channels: Remaining Walsh Codes

The Traffic channels are assigned to individual users to carry call traffic. All the remaining Walsh codes
are available for user traffic.
 
Short PN Code
Consists of two PN sequences Q & I and each
sequence is 32,768 chips long.

Each sequence is generated in similar but differently

tapped 15 bit linear feedback shift registers.

Both of these sequences are used together modulating

the two phase axes of a QPSK modulator.
Long PN Code
This code is generated in a 42 bit register, and is more
than 40 days long and hence is generated chip by chip.

Each handset codes its signal with the PN Long Code

but at a unique offset computed using its ESN(32 bits)
and 10 bits set by the system.
Important Terms
Rake Receiver- It is an integral part of the CDMA handset and has
three traffic co-relators which independently recover a particular PN
offset and Walsh Code. Each of the fingers can be targeted on delayed
multipath reflections, or even on different BTSs.

Energy to Interference density Ratio (Ec/Io)- This is the ratio of the

energy of the desired pilot alone to the total energy received. It foretells
the readability of the associated traffic channels. It never appears higher
than Pilot’s percentage of serving cell’s transmitted energy.

Frame Erasure Rate (FER) - Probably the most important of all the
parameters. It characterizes the received quality data packets (frames).
The value should not exceed 6. If FER is good then for the moment you
don’t need to be concerned about the other parameters.
What happens when your mobile is moving
around?

Handoff is a very essential component for dealing with the mobility of end
users.

It ensures the continuity of wireless services when the mobile user moves
across the cell coverage boundaries.

When a MS is moving from coverage of one sector to another sector (same or

different BTS) and signal strength serving the MS becomes weak , Handoff to
new sector with strong signal strength happens
Types of Handoff

Soft Handoff: A mobile simultaneously maintains connection with two or three

base stations.

Softer handoff. This type of handoff occurs when a mobile transitions between two
different sectors of the same cell.
Handoff Process
Power Control
Power control is essential to the smooth operation a
CDMA system. Because all users share the same RF band
through the use of PN codes, each user looks like random
noise to other users. The power of each individual user,
therefore, must be carefully controlled so that no one
user is unnecessarily interfering with others who are
sharing the same band.

So what power does a mobile initially transmit with?

1. Initial Transmit Power is High
2. Initial Transmit Power is Low
Access Probes

pt , initial = -pr - 73 + NOM_PWR + INIT_PWR

Call Processing States
Making an Outgoing Call
Receiving an incoming call
Network Planning
RF planning
The goal is to achieve optimum use of the resources
and maximum revenue potential whilst maintaining a
high level of system quality.
The designed system should allow capacity to be
added economically when traffic demand increases.
By doing proper RF Planning by keeping the future
growth plan in mind we can reduce a lot of problems
that we encounter in the future and also reduce
substantially the cost of optimization.
PN Offset Planning
Short PN Sequences
Each short PN sequence is generated using a shift register with 15 delay
elements. The length of such a PN sequence is 32,768 chips.

 If a PN sequence is shifted by one chip, then effectively a different PN

sequence is generated.

In order to provide more isolation among PN sequences that can be

assigned, the IS-95 standard specifies that usable PN sequences need to
have a minimum separation of 64 chips between each other.

By specifying a minimum separation of 64 chips, the total number of

usable PN sequences becomes
Frequency Reuse Factor
In terms of interference contributions, the loading factor η for the home base station
can be defined as

Where η is the loading factor. In terms of interference contributions, the loading factor
η for the home base station can be defined as

where I 't is the interference loading of traffic channels from mobiles that are in other
cells, and I m ' is the interference loading of traffic channels from mobiles that are in
the home cell.
Map of Drive Test Area
Ec/Io for PN 75
Ec/Io for PN 306
PN 75 is the best PN in this region
PN 306 is the best PN in this region
Forward Channel FER Values
RX Level
TX Level
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
 Case Study 3

1.Install a new sector on the sites BTS [1][48] and BTS [1][257] with 30-40º
horizontal bandwidth antenna to share the load of the other sectors.

2. Decrease the BTS [1][78] (PN=375) antenna height. The antenna should also be
down-tilted.
BTS Sites in Manipal