c
 






 








 ˜
 


‡ Background and history

‡ Positions of involved parties

‡ Recent developments

‡ United Nations involvement

‡ Potential solutions

‡ Our proposal
 c
 



 
‡ The Kashmir conflict is a dispute between India and
Pakistan over control of the region of Kashmir

‡ Each country lays claim to Kashmir due to

nationalism and the controversial politics of the region

‡ Conflicting ideologies and the refusal of either party to

compromise have stymied efforts to reach a solution
 á



 Bordered by Afghanistan,
Pakistan, India, and China
 Contains about 85,000 square
miles of land
 Mountainous, sparsely
populated region
 Varied climate due to
elevation
 Most populated area is the
Vale of Kashmir, on the
Indian side
‡ Currently, Kashmir is divided
into three regions: one
controlled by India, one
controlled by Pakistan, and a
small area controlled by China
 u

  

‡ According to a 2001 census, Kashmir has about 10

million residents
‡ 7.5 million in Indian-
Indian-controlled territory
‡ 2.5 million in Pakistani-
Pakistani-controlled territory

‡ Three
Three--quarters of the population are Muslim, and the
remaining one-
one-quarter is predominantly Hindu
 ÿ



˜ 


 
 áreat Britain controlled India from ‡ 1957
1957--India declares all of Kashmir
1612 until 1947 a state of the Indian Union
‡ Under British rule, Kashmir was a
princely state³
state³it was directly ruled ‡ 1965 ² Alleged infiltration attempts
by a maharaja that answered to the by Pakistan instigate a second Indo-
Indo-
British Pakistani war in Kashmir
‡ 1947
1947--India gains independence ‡ 1989 ² Militancy in the region
from Britain escalates
‡ The independence agreement
partitions India into two nations,
India and Pakistan ‡ 1999 ² Pakistani forces cross the
LOC, and India responds by
‡ The Maharaja of Kashmir accedes declaring war
his province to India, prompting war
between India and Pakistan
‡ 2005 ² India and Pakistan agree to
‡ 1948 ² UN Security Council passes a new ceasefire
resolution 47, mandating a
ceasefire along the Line of Control
(LOC) and paving the way for a
potential plebiscite
 u 
 
Indian Kashmir
‡ India controls the southeast
portion of Kashmir, which
has the most fertile land
‡ Indian territory is governed
as a state, called Jammu and
Kashmir
Pakistani Kashmir
‡ Pakistan controls the northwest,
with a harsher climate and
sparser population
‡ Pakistan·s territory is divided into
two regions: Azad Kashmir, or
free Kashmir, which has its own
government, and the Northern
Areas, which are governed
directly by Pakistan
‡ Azad Kashmir is about 4,500
square miles, and the Northern
Areas are about 28,000 square
miles
u 
 
 



‡ The accession of Kashmir to India is legally

indisputable

‡ Religion is irrelevant in determining control of

Kashmir³
Kashmir ³a large Muslim community supported the
accession of Kashmir to India

‡ The Pakistani sponsorship of terrorism in Kashmir

disrupts the democratic process in the region

‡ International intervention is out of the question, as

Kashmir is strictly India·s affair
 



‡ Kashmir rightfully belongs to Pakistan due to their

religious and economic ties

‡ Pakistan does not provide material aid to any terrorists

or insurgents in Kashmir

‡ In accordance with the UN Security Council, Pakistan

considers India·s claim to Kashmir invalid

‡ The Kashmiri people should be allowed to choose

between Pakistani and Indian control through a
plebiscite
  



‡ Kashmiris overwhelmingly favor independence

‡ A poll conducted in the Kashmiri capital of Srinagar in

2007 revealed that 87% of Kashmiris desire
independence, 7% favor Indian rule, and 3% prefer
Pakistani control

‡ Kashmiris oppose Indian rule due to the restrictions

placed on them by Indian security forces and alleged
human rights abuses by the Indian government
 c
 
 
‡ On November 26th26th--29th 2008, Mumbai,
India·s greatest commercial capital, came
under siege by ten terrorists.

‡ Ten coordinated attacks, each conducted in

populous areas of Mumbai, killed at least
173 people and left 308 injured.

‡ Presently, the terrorists are suspected to

have originated from Pakistan
‡ Terrorist organization: Lashkar-
Lashkar-e-Taiba
‡ Currently being denied by Pakistani
officials

‡ Terrorists· motives seem to be partly related

to Kashmir
‡ Lashkar
Lashkar--e-Taiba operates several
training camps in Kashmir, and
regularly carries out offensives against
Indian forces in Jammu and Kashmir.
 c
 
 
‡ These atrocities highlight the need for settlement of the Kashmir conflict to ensure lasting
cooperation between India and Pakistan

‡ Collaboration between these two nations could help combat extremism

‡ The Mumbai attacks have engendered a rapid increase in tensions among Pakistani and Indian
officials who are already engulfed in mutual distrust
‡ India has accused Pakistan·s Inter-
Inter-service Intelligence (ISI) of training and giving intelligence to
Lashkar--e-Taiba as well as other terrorist organizations in Pakistan
Lashkar
‡ Pakistan insists that it only gives the rebels in Kashmir diplomatic and moral support, not
material aid or training.

The symbol of Lashkar-e-Taiba

 c

c


 
 Centered in the Middle East, but spread over multiple continents

 An international conflict led by the United States, United Kingdom, and NATO forces against
Islamic terrorism in response to the September 11th attacks in the United States

 Objectives include
 Securing American borders
 Preventing activities of international terrorist networks
 Ending state sponsorship of terrorism
 Preventing re-
re-emergence of terrorism abroad.

 United States presence in Central/South Asia and alliances with Pakistan and India in the War
on Terror increase American ability to intervene in the Indo-
Indo-Pakistani Peace Process

 Pakistan·s emergence as a United States partner on the War on Terror

 Pressure by Washington resulted in the banning of Lashkar-
Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-
Jaish-e-Muhammad
in Kashmir
 US donates about 1 billion dollars in military aid to Islamabad each year
 Many factors contribute to Pakistani insecurity:
 US presence in Afghanistan (Western Border)
 Indian presence on the Eastern Border
 Deep intelligence ties between India, Afghanistan, and the US
 

 

 

Pervez Musharaff (2001-

(2001-2008)
 Proposed a four point solution to
Kashmir:
- gradual demilitarization
- greater autonomy, but no independence
Asif Ali Zardari (Incumbent)
 Determined to normalize trade and
political relations with India
 Offered to ´set Kashmir issue
asideµ

- no changes to the region's borders  Has no support from Pakistani

military on the issue
- joint supervision mechanism or UN
mandate over region
 Despite his determination, the
 Banned Lashkar-
Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-
Jaish-e- president has stated that he is ready
Muhammad after they were accused of to ´thwart any aggression from the
orchestrating an attack against the Indian Eastµ if need be
Parliament
 The ban·s impact was superficial and did
little to hinder insurgency in Kashmir
 
 





‡ The United Nations has played only a minor role in
the Kashmir Conflict so far

‡ UN involvement has been limited to ceasefire

negotiations and an attempted plebiscite
  !







‡ During the 1948 Indo
Indo--Pakistani War, the UN Security
Council passed Resolutions 39 and 47, establishing the
creation of a United Nations Commission on India
and Pakistan (UNCIP)

‡ UNCIP then passed resolutions calling for a ceasefire

across the Line of Control

‡ The Security Council also brokered a ceasefire in the

Indo--Pakistani War of 1965 and enforced it with
Indo
Resolution 211
 c

 

‡ After the Indo
Indo--Pakistani War of 1948, UNCIP established the
framework for a plebiscite to decide the future status of Kashmir
‡ The plebiscite would offer Kashmiris a choice between Indian and
Pakistani rule
‡ Both Indian and Pakistani governments initially agreed to the
plebiscite
‡ Since 1948, the plebiscite has been repeatedly delayed
‡ The Indian government claims that a requirement of Pakistani
militant withdrawal has not been met, blaming Pakistan for the
delay
‡ The Pakistani government maintains its innocence and desire for
the plebiscite, putting the blame on India
 "

‡ The United Nations must take a more proactive role in
resolving the Kashmir Conflict
‡ The United Nations must first encourage the normalization
of relations between India and Pakistan
‡ Encourage sharing of intelligence and increased cooperation in
combating extremism
‡ Provide economic incentives to foster bilateral trade
‡ Create a commission to investigate and prevent state-
state-sponsored
terrorism in both nations
‡ Provide peacekeeping troops to secure the borders of India,
Pakistan, and Kashmir and to prevent the movement of
militants
  
 

‡ Pros:
‡ The plebiscite was
recommended by the
UNCIP as a method of
resolving the conflict
‡ The plebiscite is officially
endorsed by the Pakistani
government
‡ Cons:
‡ The currently proposed
plebiscite would only allow
the residents of Kashmir to
choose between Indian or
Pakistan control, when
many desire the option of
independence
‡ The plebiscite has been
repeatedly stalled due to
disagreements between India
and Pakistan over the
requirements of Resolution
47
 
 
#





‡ Pros ‡ Cons
‡ Integrates Kashmir into a ‡ Pakistan has an unstable
Muslim state, providing for government
greater religious harmony ‡ Non-
Non-Muslims may become
second--class citizens and
second
subject to persecution
‡ Engenders Indian outrage
and nationalism
Pakistani ‡ Kashmiri citizens strongly
President prefer independence
Asif Ali
Zardari
 
 
#





‡ Pros ‡ Cons
‡ Places Kashmir in the ‡ Legitimizes the human
control of a stable rights abuses committed by
government the Indian government
‡ Enrages Pakistani citizens
and military, likely sparking
conflict
‡ Kashmiri citizens strongly
prefer independence

Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh

 
u 
 
‡ Pros ‡ Cons
‡ Requires the smallest ‡ Provides a source for
investment of time and continued tension between
resources the two nations
‡ Fuels nationalist sentiments
among both Indian and
Pakistani citizens
‡ áoes against the will of the
Kashmiri people
  





‡ Pros
‡ Satisfies the will of the
Kashmiri people
‡ Prevents the issue from
being a point of contention
between India and Pakistan
‡ Precludes further human
rights abuses from the
Indian military
‡ Diminishes the motivation
of extremists and insurgents
‡ Cons
‡ Opposed by the Indian and
Pakistani governments
‡ Fledgling nation may not
have a stable economy or
government
‡ The Hindu population
would be a minority, and
tensions between Muslims
and Hindus could develop
 ˜



‡ We believe that Kashmir must become an independent

state

‡ The United Nations must take a proactive role in

securing Kashmiri sovereignty
 



"


1. Establish a Kashmiri Sovereignty Commission (KSC)
1. The commission would first determine the viability of Kashmiri independence in terms
of economic and political stability
2. The commission would then hold a referendum in Kashmir confirming the people·s
desire for independence

2. Considering the results of the referendum, introduce a resolution urging the global
community to support Kashmiri sovereignty

3. Use support from the global community to persuade India and Pakistan to recognize
Kashmir as an independent nation

4. Draft a resolution in the Security Council recognizing Kashmir as a sovereign state and
calling for demilitarization of the region

5. Establish a UN transitional government in Kashmir to develop infrastructure and security

6.Hold elections for an independent, parliamentary government

 



"


‡ This proposal is contingent on the participation of
member nations in creating the necessary resolutions
and commissions

‡ If India and Pakistan fail to recognize Kashmir as

independent, more forceful action could be taken;
Kosovo provides a precedent

‡ In this proposal, the United Nations acts as the

medium used to achieve a lasting solution for the
conflict

 


‡ áreater understanding of this conflict---

conflict---history
history and
developments

‡ The necessity of resolving this conflict, as well as

potential solutions

‡ The important role that the UN has in mediating the

situation
THE END
 


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‡ Map of Kashmir. Digital image. Wikimedia. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kashmir_map_big.jpg/522px

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kashmir_map_big.jpg/522px--Kashmir_map_big.jpg>.
Kashmir_map_big.jpg>.

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<http://geography.howstuffworks.com/middle-east/geography
east/geography--of
of--kashmir.htm>
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‡ Angry rioters. Digital image. BBC. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42093000/jpg/_42093952_kashmir-

<http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42093000/jpg/_42093952_kashmir-ap416.jpg>.
ap416.jpg>.

‡ Kashmir mountain range. Digital image. Paulseagypsy. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://paulseagypsy.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/s1030353

<http://paulseagypsy.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/s1030353--custom.jpg>.

‡ Hagia Sophia. Digital image. Academic.evergreen.edu. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://academic.evergreen.edu/curricular/silkroads/06/Istanbulimages/Istanbul

<http://academic.evergreen.edu/curricular/silkroads/06/Istanbulimages/Istanbul--Hagia-
Hagia-Sophia
Sophia.jpg>.
.jpg>.

‡ Hindu temple. Digital image. Photobucket. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://i266.photobucket.com/albums/ii268/dipambu/2008/MONTH3_2008/TEMPLE_UNUSUALS_9.jpg>.

‡ Kashmir map. Digital image. Fravahr.org. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://www.fravahr.org/IMá/gif/Kashmir_map.gif>.

‡ Taj Mahal Hotel in Mumbai. Digital image. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://www.cbc.ca/gfx/images/news/photos/2008/11/27/mumbai-

<http://www.cbc.ca/gfx/images/news/photos/2008/11/27/mumbai-taj-
taj-cp-
cp-5904057.jpg>.
5904057.jpg>.

‡ The Symbol of Lashkar

Lashkar--e-Taiba. Digital image. International Terrorist Symbols Database. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://www.adl.org/terrorism/symbols/lashkaretaiba.asp>.

‡ "Kashmir
"Kashmir-- The History." Pakistani Mission to the United Nations. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://www.pakun.org/kashmir/history.php>.

‡ "Kashmir Independence Only way Out." The Hindu. 16 Aug. 2001. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/16/stories/0216000c.htm>.

‡ "Majority in Kashmir Valley Want Independence: poll." Reuters. 13 Aug. 2007. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSDEL29179620070813>.

‡ Muslim woman voting. Digital image. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://msnbcmedia2.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/040420/040420_indiaElecti

<http://msnbcmedia2.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/040420/040420_indiaElection_hmed_4p.hmedium.jpg>
on_hmed_4p.hmedium.jpg>
 


$

%
‡ Pakistani flag. Digital image. 10 Jan. 2009 <http://www.idp-
<http://www.idp-europe.org/pic/pakistan_flag.jpg>.

‡ United Nations Symbol. Digital image. 10 Jan. 2009

<http://www.lassosoft.com/Company/Lasso/logo_UN.gif>.

‡ Indian Flag. Digital image. 10 Jan. 2009

<http://www.britishcouncil.org.br/champions/blog/upload/06052008074302_India_flag.gif>.

‡ Image of gunfire and wounded soldier. Digital image. 10 Jan. 2009

<https://secure.sky.com/images/skymovies/pics/10093949.jpg>.

‡ Angry protestor with large beard. Digital image. 10 Jan. 2009

<http://snappedshot.com/uploads/Parody/capt.bb53b30e82e34d6b87ae51d853725e46.india_kashm
ir_protest_rmx105.jpg>.

‡ http://www.september11news.com/Nov10ABushUN4.jpg

‡ United Nations Building. Digital image. 26 Jan. 2009

http://endtimesworldnews.punt.nl/upload/united_nations.jpg..
http://endtimesworldnews.punt.nl/upload/united_nations.jpg

‡ Kashmiri flower seller on boat. Digital image. 26 Jan. 2009

<http://www.stevemccurry.com/content/photos/KASHMIR--10016.jpg>.
<http://www.stevemccurry.com/content/photos/KASHMIR

‡ Handshake. Digital image. 26 Jan. 2009 <http://hgis.biz/images/handshake.jpg>.

 


$

%
‡ "BBC NEWS | South Asia | Kashmir's forgotten plebiscite." BBC NEWS | News
Front Page. 17 Jan. 2002. BBC News. 20 Jan. 2009
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1766582.stm>.

‡ Crossette, Barbara. "Pakistan Asks U.N. Council For Action On Kashmir - New York
Times." NY Times. 30 May 2002. The New York Times. 20 Jan. 2009
<http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E6D71E3BF933A05756C0A96
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‡ Ferraro, Vincent. "UN Proposal on Kashmir, 22 December, 1949." Mount Holyoke

College, South Hadley, Massachusetts. Mount Holyoke College. 20 Jan. 2009
<http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom3.htm>.

‡ "Kashmir in the United Nations." The Kashmiri

Kashmiri--Canadian Council Home Page. The
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