m





 

 


 
  
 



 
 
 
 
 




j
 







 
Ô

Ô

j

 m
mm
KHydroelectric power does not pollute the atmosphere and the unit
cost of production of energy is obviously low as the main ͞fuel͟ is only
water.
K1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a
constant rate.
2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping
electricity generation. The water can be saved for use another time
when electricity demand is high.
3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to
the generation of electricity for many years / decades.
4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports
and leisure / pleasure activities. Often large dams become tourist
attractions in their own right.
5. The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes.
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A CONVENTIONAL
HYDRO POWERPLANT

‰1) Dam -.
it is a barrier
that impounds water
or underground
streams.
Dams generally serve
the primary purpose
of retaining water
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A CONVENTIONAL
HYDRO POWERPLANT

‰2) Ô
 å
ates on the dam
open and gravity pulls
the water through the
penstock a pipeline
that leads to the
turbine. Water builds
up pressure as it flows
through this pipe.
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A CONVENTIONAL
HYDRO POWERPLANT
(3) °
  å
The water strikes and turns the large blades of
a turbine which is attached to a generator
above it by way of a shaft.
(4) à 


 -
As the turbine blades turn so do a series
ofmagnets inside the generator. iant magnets
rotate past copper coils producing alternating
current (AC) .
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A CONVENTIONAL
HYDRO POWERPLANT

(5) °
 


The transformer inside
the powerhouse takes
the AC and converts it
to higher-voltage
current.
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A CONVENTIONAL
HYDRO POWERPLANT

(6) j
  -
Out of every power
plant come four wires:
the three phases of
power being produced
simultaneously plus a
neutral or ground
common to all three.
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A CONVENTIONAL
HYDRO POWERPLANT

(7) 
 -
Used water is carried
through pipelines
called tailraces and re-
enters the river
downstream.
2

 °






° 
 1.IMPULSE TURBINE

The impulse turbine generally

uses the velocity of the water
to move the runner and
discharges to atmospheric
pressure.

The water stream hits each

bucket on the runnerº
 IMPULSE TURBINE TYPE
‰


Ô
  
 

 

º
Ô  
     



 




     
 




  º

  
    






 
 
  

 
 


 




   º

   
 
 

 

    
º
 @. REACTION TURBINE

 
 
 




  

   

 
 
  

 º

 
 
  


  
  


    
 

 º


  
  
 



    

 

  

  






 º
 ‰
 

It is an inward mixed flow

reaction turbine.

A Francis turbine has a

runner with fixed
buckets (vanes)
usually nine or more.
 TYPE OF REACTION TURBINES

‰A) PROPLLER

A propeller turbine
generally has a runner
with three to six fix
blades.
It provides largest
possible flow area to
utillize a large volume
of water and still
obtain low velocoities.
 ‰c) Kaplan

-

  



   
   


  

  

º
TYPES OF TURBINES USED FOR DIFFERENT
HEADS
HEAD AND OTHER TYPE OF TURBINE
CONDITIONS
(1) Heads lower than 30 Kaplan or movable vain
meters and for variable load propeller
operation

(2)Heads less than 70 meters Fixed vane propeller

and for fairly constant load
operation

(3)Heads 70 to 500 meters Francis

 SIMPLE ESTIMATION
K  
         
   
 
K 

      
K    ‰!
" 
#‰$% 
#‰&
'((
K    ‰(
#‰) 
#‰
'(( 
**+, 
K   
**+,  -
 

     ,  
K .      , /
 

     
 
 
 
K & &  ‰**+, 
#‰01
   
#‰*2)
  
 0+2+, 
 
K 
 %      
3. 
*, /
   
 .   
 
    %%
  
  *
K . % 0+2+, /
 '*, /

   
 ++
 MICRO HYDEL POWER
÷ 
 
     
  
 

 


 
        

 m"4m m
&.
K Efficient energy source
It only takes a small amount of flow (as little as two gallons per minute) or a drop as low as two feet to
generate electricity with micro hydro. Electricity can be delivered as far as a mile away to the location
where it is being used.
K Reliable electricity source
Hydro produces a continuous supply of electrical energy in comparison to other small-scale renewable
technologies. The peak energy season is during the winter months when large quantities of electricity
are required.
K No reservoir required
Microhydro is considered to function as a ͚run-of-river͛ system meaning that the water passing through
the generator is directed back into the stream with relatively little impact on the surrounding ecology.
K Cost effective energy solution
Building a small-scale hydro-power system can cost from $1 å $@   depending on site electricity
requirements and location. Maintenance fees are relatively small in comparison to other technologies.
K Power for developing countries
Because of the low-cost versatility and longevity of micro hydro developing countries can manufacture
and implement the technology to help supply much needed electricity to small communities and
villages.
K Integrate with the local power grid
If your site produces a large amount of excess energy some power companies will buy back your
electricity overflow. You also have the ability to supplement your level of micro power with intake from
the power grid.
 Disadvantages
Khydropower dams disrupt the natural flow of rivers
This will alter the river and riverside habitat.
KImpedes the natural flow of sediments.
Rivers naturally erode carry and deposit sediment. These processes are
what shape the river form meanders pools and riffles. The river downstream
of the dam is ͞starved͟ for sediment because the sediment naturally flowing in
the river has been trapped behind the dam.
KObstacles to fish migration.
Building a dam on a river has major implications for the biota found in the
river system. Because fish and other biota cannot move past a dam the dam
effectively splits the river into separate ecological zones: the river above the
dam and the river below the dam.
KInitial cost of plant is very high.
KIt takes considerable long time to build the plant.
KPower generation depends on quantity of water.
NEW TYPE OF COMBO ENERATOR-
TURBINE SYSTEM
 ›
›

Hydro electricity has been a reliable source of
power supply since the day it came into force.
Water being available as the nature͛s free gift
will continue to make hydroelectric power
more easy and safer way of producing
electricity.