Presentation on

CDMA
By:-
Arnab Pal
Ratul Bose
Abhik Sarkar
Arnab Sarkar
 MULTIPLE ACCESS

 Simultaneous use of a transmission

medium by multiple users.
 Advantages :
 Increased capacity: serve more users.
 Reduced capital requirements since fewer media
can carry the traffic.
 Decreased per user expense.
 Easier to manage and administer.

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MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS

Base Station

Forward link
Reverse link
Mobile Station

Mobile Station
Mobile Station Mobile Station
 A comparative study between the above
three access technologies with respect to
time and frequency is as shown below.
CDMA Concept
 $%&@#  CDMA can bring big  This is John Doe
 business

 Cocktail party in same room (same wide band channel)

 Use different languages (different digital codes)
BPSK Modulation

Why Choose BPSK?

 Easy to implement

 Well suited for CDMA

2E1366 Project Course in Signal

31/05/01 Processing and Digital 8
Communication
 Spread Spectrum Concept
 1800  1850  1910  1930  1990  2000M

 m
Mobile TX  Cell TX

 User 1  Code 1

 User 2  Code 2

 User 3  Code 3

 User n  Code n

 Spread spectrum uses much larger slice(1.25MHz) of the available bandwidth.

 Same slice is used for all user with no time multiplexing but user is assigned
Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are

individually “spread” and
added together to create
a “composite” signal.
CDMA SPREADING
(Time Domain)
CDMA SPREADING
(Frequency Domain)
TYPES OF SPREAD-SPECTRUM

 Direct sequence spread-spectrum.

 Frequency hopping spread-spectrum.

 Multi-carrier CDMA system.

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DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM
Frequency hopping

Frequency occupying order- function of code sequence.

Rate of hopping from one carrier to another function of
information rate.
PN(pseudo noise) codes
 PN –CODE is a sequence of high data rate
bits(“chips”) ranging from –1 to + 1 (polar)
or 0 to 1 (non polar).
 By “chips” we mean the no. of small data bits
in the PN-CODE per single bit of the original
signal.
 They are either linear codes generated by
EX-OR gates used in shift register feedback
path or otherwise non linear codes.
Spreading a Bit by the means of
many chips
Steps evolved for signal
transmission
 A pseudo random code is generated,
different for each channel& successive
connections.
 The information data modulates the
pseudo random codes.
 The resulting signal modulates the
carrier.
 The modulated carrier is amplified and
broadcast.
Steps evolved for receiving the
signals
 The carrier is received and amplified.
 The received signal is now demodulated
by receiving the codes.
 The receiver acquires the received code
and phase locks its own code to it.
 The received signal is correlated with
the generated code, extracting the
information data.
CDMA MODULATION
 CDMA DEMODULATION
 The modulated signal is transmitted over the
channel and all users can receive it but only the
user which knows the correct code can decode
the message.
CDMA System Block Diagram
History of CDMA
 A method for multiple access

(single channel , multiple users).

 The conventional methods were FDMA.

 Then after developing synchronization

TDMA was developed in early 1980s it
was introduced.
 Its first use was done in military.
 in early 1990s its first use was done in
cellular communication system.
Origination of CDMA
FEATURES OF CDMA

 FLEXIBLE NETWORK.

 COMPATIBILITY.
 NETWORK ACCESS.
 LINE UTILIZATION.
 ERROR-FREE TRANSMISSION.
 VOICE AND CALL QUALITY.
Multipaths

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Rake Receiver
 Mobile station receives multiple attenuated replicas of
the original signal.
 Two signals are resolvable only if their relative delay
exceeds the chip period Tc .
 Amplitudes and phases of multipath components are
found by correlating the received waveform with
multiple delayed versions of the signal (delay = nTc).
 Searcher performs the above task for up to 3 different
multipath signals.
 RAKE fingers isolate the multipath components and
the RAKE receiver combines them.

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CDMA RAKE Receiver

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RAKE RECEIVER

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 CDMA Coding Procedure

 CDMA is based on Coding Theory.

 Each station is assigned a code which is
a sequence of numbers called CHIPS.
 In this example we have four stations
each has a sequence of chips which
designate as A,B,C, and D.
 Rules For Encoding

We Adopt the following Rules For Encoding.

 If a station needs to send a 0 bit it sends -1.
 If a station needs to send a 1 bit it sends +1.
 When a Station is idle, it sends no signal which
is represented by 0.
CDMA Multiplexer
CDMA Demultiplexer
Codes in CDMA

CDMA Codes

Orthogonal Codes Pseudo-noise (PN) Codes

Walsh Codes
Walsh Codes Long PN Code Short PN
Short PN Codes
Codes

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 R F OVERVIEW
 What is cell?
A cell is a small area of
service within a city, serviced
by its own antenna.

 Frequency Reuse In CDMA-

 All users use same
frequency.
 Universal frequency reuse
applies to the users in the
same cell as well as to those in
others.
 Complicated reuse pattern is
not necessary.
Frequency reuse

AMPS CDMA
 CDMA Different Systems

 IS-95.
 CDMA-2000 (which is also called WCDMA
in Europe).
CDMA Switch Overview

CDMA Network Architecture

COMPARATIVE NETWORK
SPEEDS
CDMA
2400
1xEV/DO
W-CDMA
2000
stationary
W-CDMA
384
moving
CDMA
144
1xRTT

GPRS 114
Theoretical
CDMA 64 data
transmission
PDC-P 28.8 speed
kbps
GSM/PDC 9.6

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CDMA channels
FORWARD CHANNELS:
Pilot channel.
Sync channel.
Paging channel.
Forward traffic channel.
REVERSE CHANNELS:
Access channels.
Reverse traffic channels.
TECHNICAL DATA
FREQUENCY OF OPERATION :
800MHZTO1900MHZ
TRANSMISSION RATE : 9600 KBITS/SEC
OPERATION BAND : C-BAND
RF SPACING : 1.25 MHZ
COVERAGE : 20 KMS. WITH FIXED UNITS
GRADE OF SCIENCE : 1%
Forward Link Channels in CDMA
On the forward link there are 4 channels used to transmit control and voice data
to the mobile. These code channels are:

 Pilot Channel
 Synchronize Channel
 Paging Channel
 Traffic Channel
Reverse Link Channels in CDMA
On the reverse link there are 2 types of channels used to transmit control and
voice data to the mobile. These channels are:

 Access Channel
 Traffic Channel
Call Processing in CDMA
There are 4 Call Processing modes in CDMA:

 Initializing mode.
 Idle mode.
 Access mode.
 Traffic mode.
ADVANTAGES
Increased capacity.
Improved voice quality.
Enhanced privacy and security
Reduced interference to other electronic devices.
Co existence with the other technologies.
Reduction in the number of calls dropped due to
the handoff failures.
Improved battery life due to reduced average
transmitted power.
 CDMA SECURITY

Security becomes key to delivering

solutions that meet today’s demand for
mobility. Some of today’s top security
issues and concerns are:
 Unauthorized systems and network
access
 Auditability and compliance
 Customer data breaches
 Internal and external sabotage
Handoff in CDMA System
 In GSM hard handoff occurs at the cell boundary
 Soft Handoff
– Mobile commences Communication with a new BS without
interrupting communication with old BS.
– same frequency assignment between old and new BS.
– provides different site selection diversity .
 Softer Handoff
– Handoff between sectors in a cell.
 CDMA to CDMA hard handoff
– Mobile transmits between two base stations with different
frequency assignment.

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Soft Handoff- A unique feature of
CDMA Mobile
Advantages
 Contact with new base station is made before the call
is switched.
 Diversity combining is used between multiple cell sites
 If the new cell is loaded to capacity, handoff can still
be performed for a small increase in BER
 Neither the mobile nor the base station is required to
change frequency

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Handoff: act of transferring a call from one
cell to the other
 Disadvantages of CDMA
Technology
 Multi-user interference or multiple-
access interference(MAI).
 Multi-path fading.
 Near-far problem.
 M-commerce difficult.

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 THE NEAR FAR PROBLEM

 Users may be received with very different

powers:
 Users near the base station are received
with high power.
 Users far from the base station are
received with low power.
 Nearby users will completele swamp far
away users.

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Processing gain

 It is the increase in S/N ratio for

successful data communication
 Processing gain (Gp)
Gp=(band width of spectrum/message

signalbandwidth)
Power Control in CDMA

 CDMA goal is to maximize the number of

simultaneous users.

 Power transmitted by mobile station must be

therefore controlled.

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Two factors important for power
control
 Propagation loss
• due to propagation loss, power variations up to
80 dB
• a high dynamic range of power control required

 Channel Fading
• average rate of fade is one fade per second per
mile hour of mobile speed
• power attenuated by more than 30 dB
• power control must track the fade
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 Power control

 Reverselink open
loop power control.

 Reverselink closed
loop power control.

 Forward link power

control.
 Services in CDMA

 Voice: In the form of calls made.

 SMS: It allows subscribers to send and receive short
text messages between mobile stations .
 MMS: It allows for the transmission of images, audio,
video, and rich text using WAP
 Pocket data ( 144 kbps / 2.4 Mbps ) –NIC & EV-DO
cards.
 Prepaid and Postpaid Services
 VPN(Virtual Private Network)
 Bank ATM / Branch ATM connectivity
DEPARTMENTS OF CDMA
 Current Market

 480 million CDMA

subscribers world over.
 110 million CDMA
subscribers in India.
 25% of cellular
subscribers in India
are CDMA users.
 ARPU Rs 99 for CDMA
in India.
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 CDMA COMPARED TO GSM

 Technique Used-CDMA uses code

division multiple access whereas GSM
uses time division multiple access.
 Power Consumption and Adjacent
Channel Interference.
 Data Transfer Speed-CDMA has been
traditionally faster than GSM.
 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards
and RUIM.
In Technology CDMA Has Plus
Point Over GSM, Why?

 CDMA is faster.
 CDMA is more secure.
 Connection on a CDMA network will
never get dropped when moving from
cell to cell.
 CDMA base stations cover a large area.
 Billing and Customer Care System

 Prepaid Services: The customer is

charged for usage in the prior month.
 Postpaid Services: It asks customers to
add a certain amount to their accounts
prior to usage.
 Customer service-a series of activities to
enhance the level of customer satisfaction.
 Many organizations have implemented
feedback loops.
 Future Of CDMA
 CDMA has overcome most cynicism to dominate the
worldwide wireless voice market.
 GSM & CDMA both are moving towards improved technology
based on CDMA technique

 Ongoing research on CDMA

 Applying CDMA to other applications: optical CDMA, adhoc

networks, dense wireless LANs etc.
 “MultiCDMA”: multiple antenna CDMA, multicarrier CDMA,
multicode CDMA etc.
Conclusion

 CDMA provides more number of users

per cell site.
 A very secure mode of communication
encouraging its use in military.
 It is power efficient and provides
extended battery life.
 Provide better call quality due to soft
handoff reducing the number of call
drops.