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5 GHz
8563A
Overview:
What is spectrum analysis?
What measurements do we make?
Theory of Operation:
Spectrum analyzer hardware
Specifications:
Which are important and why?
Features
Making the analyzer more effective
Summary
Overview
Theory of Operation
Specifications
Features
Summary
Modulation
Modulation
Noise
Noise
Distortion
Distortion
Amplitude y
u en c
(power) f re q
tim
e
Time domain
Frequency Domain
Measurements
Measurements
Spectrum Analysis Basics 6
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Overview
Different Types of Analyzers
Fourier Analyzer
Parallel filters measured
simultaneously
A
CRT shows full
spectral display
f1 f2 f
Spectrum Analysis Basics 7
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Overview
Different Types of Analyzers
Swept Analyzer
Filter 'sweeps' over range of
interest
A
CRT shows full
spectral display
f1 f2 f
Spectrum Analysis Basics 8
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Agenda
Overview
Theory of Operation
Specifications
Features
Summary
RF input
attenuator IF gain IF filter
mixer detector
Input
signal
Pre-Selector
Log
Or Low Pass Amp
Filter video
filter
local
oscillator
sweep
generator
Crystal
Reference CRT display
f LO
Spectrum Analysis Basics 11
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Theory of Operation
IF Filter IF FILTER
Input
Spectrum
IF Bandwidth
(RBW)
Display
amplitude
VIDEO
FILTER
LO
SWEEP
GEN
frequency
CRT DISPLAY
RF INPUT
ATTENUATOR IF GAIN
3.6
f IF
sweep generator A
LO
f LO
0 1 2 3 (GHz) f
3 4 5 6 (GHz) CRT display
3.6 6.5
Control functions
(RBW, sweep time,
VBW)
Overview
Theory of Operation
Specifications
Features
Summary
Frequency Range
Accuracy, Frequency & Amplitude
Resolution
Sensitivity
Distortion
Dynamic Range
Lowfrequencies
Low frequencies
forbaseband
for basebandand
andIF
IF
Measuringharmonics
Measuring harmonics
50GHz
50 GHzand
andbeyond!
beyond!
Absolute Relative
Amplitude Amplitude
in dBm in dB
Frequency
Relative
Frequency
9 -7
Calculation: (2x10 Hz) x (1.3x10 /yr.ref.error) = 260 Hz
1% of 400 kHz span = 4000 Hz
15% of 3 kHz RBW = 450 Hz
10 Hz residual error = 10 Hz
Total = +
_ 4720 Hz
Display fidelity
Frequency response
RF Input attenuator
Reference level
Resolution bandwidth
CRT scaling
Applies when signals are not placed at the same
reference amplitude
Display fidelity includes
–Log amplifier or linear fidelity
–Detector linearity
–Digitizing circuit linearity
Technique for best accuracy
- 1 dB
BAND 1
Specification: ± 1 dB
Spectrum Analysis Basics 26
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Specifications
Accuracy: Relative Amplitude Accuracy
RF Input attenuator
Reference level
Resolution bandwidth
CRT scaling
Calibrator accuracy
Frequency response
Reference level uncertainty
Mismatch (RF input port not exactly 50 ohms)
Compression due to overload (high-level
input signal)
Distortion products
Amplitudes below the log amplifier range
Signals near noise
Noise causing amplitude variations
Two signals incompletely resolved
Resolution Residual FM
Bandwidth
Mixer 3 dB Detector
3 dB BW
Input
Spectrum
IF Filter/
LO Resolution Bandwidth Filter
(RBW)
Sweep
RBW
Display
10 kHz RBW
3 dB
10 kHz
Spectrum Analysis Basics 32
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Specifications
Resolution: RBW Type and Selectivity
3 dB
3 dB BW
60 dB
60 dB
BW
60 dB BW
Selectivity =
3 dB BW
3 dB
distortion
products
7.5 kHz
60 dB
60 dB BW
= 15 kHz
10 kHz 10 kHz
Residual FM
"Smears" the Signal Spectrum Analysis Basics
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35
Specifications
Resolution: Noise Sidebands
Phase Noise
Typical Selectivity
Analog 15:1
Digital 5:1
ANALOG FILTER
DIGITAL FILTER
Mixer Detector
RF
Input
RES BW
Filter
LO
Sweep
A Spectrum
A Spectrum Analyzer
Analyzer Generates
Generates and
and Amplifies
Amplifies Noise
Noise Just
Just
Like Any
Like Any Active
Active Circuit
Circuit
Spectrum Analysis Basics 39
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Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL
Effective Level
Effective Level of
of Displayed
Displayed Noise
Noise isis aa
Function of
Function of RF
RF Input
Input Attenuation
Attenuation
signal level
10 dB
Attenuation = 10 dB Attenuation = 20 dB
Displayed Noise
Displayed Noise isis aa Function
Function of
of IF
IF
Filter Bandwidth
Filter Bandwidth
10 dB 10 kHz RBW
10 dB 1 kHz RBW
Video BW
Video BW Smoothes
Smoothes Noise
Noise for
for Easier
Easier
Identification of
Identification of Low
Low Level
Level Signals
Signals
2.2 dB
Signal
Equals
Noise
For Best
For Best Sensitivity
Sensitivity Use:
Use:
Narrowest Resolution BW
Frequency Translated
Signals
Resultant
Signal To
Be Measured
Mixer Generated
Distortion
3 3
Power Third-order distortion
in dB
Second-order distortion
2f1- f 2 f1 f2 2f2- f 1
Two-Toned Intermod
2 3
Power
Second Order: 2 dB/dB of Fundamental in dB
Third Order: 3 dB/dB of Fundamental
f 2f 3f
Harmonic Distortion
Spectrum Analysis Basics 47
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Specifications
Distortion
f 2f 3f
Spectrum Analysis Basics 48
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Specifications
Distortion
Distortion is a Function of
Mixer Level
0 .
-20
DISTORTION, dBc
Second
-40 Order
-60
-80
Third
-100
Order
-60 -30 0 +30
TOI
POWER AT MIXER =
INPUT - ATTENUATOR SETTING dBm Spectrum Analysis Basics 49
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Specifications
Distortion
Distortion Test:
Is it Internally or Externally Generated?
RF INPUT
ATTENUATOR IF GAIN
Dynamic
Dynamic
Range
Range
-20
DisplayedNoise
Displayed Noisein
in
-40 aa11kHz
kHzRBW
RBW
-60
-80
-100
-60 -30 0 +30
DisplayedNoise
Displayed Noisein
in POWER AT MIXER =
INPUT - ATTENUATOR SETTING dBm
aa100
100Hz
HzRBW
RBW
Spectrum Analysis Basics 52
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Specifications
Dynamic Range
DynamicRange
Dynamic Range
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO, dBc
-20
Maximum3rd
Maximum 3rdOrder
Order
DynamicRange
Dynamic Range
-40
R
RDE
O
D
-60 ON
ER
DI
SP C
LA
YE SE RD
O
D
NO
D
IR
I SE
TH
-80 (1
kH
zR
BW
)
-100
-60 -30 0 +30
TOI SOI
POWER AT MIXER =
OptimumMixer
Optimum Mixer INPUT - ATTENUATOR SETTING dBm
Levels
Levels Spectrum Analysis Basics 53
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Specifications
Dynamic Range
Example Calculation
MDR = 2/3 [(-115) - (+5)]
3
= -80 dBc (1 kHz RBW)
100 kHz
to
1 MHz
Maximumdynamic
Maximum dynamicrange
rangecalculation
calculation
Calculated from:
distortion
sensitivity
Noisesidebands
Noise sidebandsatatthe
theoffset
offsetfrequency
frequency
CRT-DISPLAY MEASUREMENT
RANGE
RANGE -45 dBm SECOND-ORDER DISTORTION
145 dB
80 dB SIGNAL/NOISE
RANGE
105 dB 0 dBc NOISE SIDEBANDS
SIGNAL /3rd ORDER
DISTORTION
80 dB RANGE
INCREASING SIGNAL/ 2nd ORDER
DISTORTION
BANDWIDTH OR 70 dB RANGE SIGNAL/NOISE SIDEBANDS
ATTENUATION 60 dBc/1kHz
Overview
Theory of Operation
Specifications
Features
Summary
Basic Operation
remote operation
markers
limit lines
Modulation Measurements
time domain
FFT
Noise Measurements
noisemarker
AM/FM detector averaging
time-gating
MARKER
1.025 MHz
-54.04 dB
LI
N
MARKER
10 msec
1.000 X
user #1 Time
1
Amplitude 0
5
4
3 Timeslot
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency
Channel Number
time
Envelope
Detector
GATE
Video
Filter Frequency
Spectrum Analyzer
RF in CRT
IF
Display
LO
DUT
TG out
Tracking
Adjust
Tracking Generator
Spectrum Analysis Basics 69
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Agenda
Overview
Theory of Operation
Specifications
Features
Summary