mINTRODUCTION TO MANET

mHISTORY OF MANET
mROUTING PROTOCOLS
PREACTIVE PROTOCOL
PPROACTIVE PROTOCOL
PHYBRID PROTOCOL
mPROBLEMS OF MANET
mSECURE DATA TRANSMISSION IN
MANET
mAPPLICATIONS OF MANET
mCONCLUSION
m|
 


  







 
   


 
  


 
 
  

 

   
 

  
    
 

       
  


  
  
  
 




m   






 



The whole life-cycle of ad-hoc networks could be categorized
into the first, second, and the third generation ad-hoc
networks systems.
m

| 
The first generation goes back to 1972. At the
time, they were called PRNET (Packet Radio Networks). In
conjunction with ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous
Atmospheres) and CSMA (Carrier Sense Medium Access),
approaches for medium access control and a kind of distance-
vector routing PRNET were used on a trial basis to provide
different networking capabilities in a combat environment.
½ The second generation of ad-hoc networks emerged in 1980s,when the ad-
hoc network systems were further enhanced and implemented as a part of
the SURAN (Survivable Adaptive Radio Networks) program. This provided a
packet-switched network to the mobile battlefield in an environment
without infrastructure. This program proved to be beneficial in improving
the radios' performance by making them smaller, cheaper, and resilient to
electronic attacks.

½In the 1990s, the concept of commercial ad-hoc networks arrived with
notebook computers and other viable communications equipment. At the
same time, the idea of a collection of mobile nodes was proposed at several
research conferences. The IEEE 802.11 subcommittee had adopted the term
"ad-hoc networks" and the research community had started to look into the
possibility of deploying ad-hoc networks in other areas of application.

½Meanwhile, work was going on to advance the previously built ad-hoc

networks. GloMo (Global Mobile Information Systems) and the NTDR
(Near-term Digital Radio) are some of the results of these efforts.
PPresent ad-hoc networks systems are considered as the
third generation.
Mobile ad hoc networkǯs routing protocols are characteristically subdivided
into three main categories. These are proactive routing protocols, reactive
routing protocols and hybrid routing protocols.
PThe Efficient routing protocols can provide significant benefits
to mobile ad hoc networks, in terms of both performance and
reliability.
Pw
 w
 
w
 
 
   
 
   
  

    


        
    
   
  

  
  


    
 

  
       

 

 

  
 


 
   
 
 

 !
   




 

 
 
 
  
       



  
½| ! "|  |#
| #$

½ %|" 

  
$

½| "  
|&  "| 

 |
$

½| | # %&| 
 |&
$

m
  
 
  
 
 
    
  






  

      
  !
     
 
 

  
       

 
   
   
   


 


m "  !




  

   

  

 
   

  
  
   !    
 
   

  
# 
!
     


          



 #  
PDESTINATION SEQUENCED DISTANCE
VECTOR(DSDV)

POPTIMISED LINK STATE ROUTING(OLSR)

PWIRELESS ROUTING PROTOCOL(WRP)

PCLUSTER HEAD GATE WAY SWITCH

ROUTING(CGSR)
P?  
 

   
  
   
  
   
   
" 
 

 
     
  



     
 

  
 

     
 
   
 

   

 
 

         
 
 

   


  
    

 
 
  
 
  
  
 

 
#  


  
9TEMPORARY ORDERED ROUTING
ALOGORITHM(TORA)

9ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL(ZRP)

9ORDERONE ROUTING PROTOCOL(OORP)

ÿThe first, and the most important scenario, is the ability to
establish a network in places where it's not possible otherwise: i.e.,
in a disaster relief setting, or in a situation where the entire
communication structure has been destroyed.
ÿ One thing we should be clear about is, there's no doubt two
machines in an ad-hoc network could be networked, but with a
completely different art of network formation. No router, no
administrator, no access server, etc. What does it mean? It means
we can't use the existing strategies for network control as
efficiently as we do in a fixed wireless network. New technology
requires new techniques. This is one of the major issues that
appears to be an obstacle in deploying an ad-hoc network as a
leading technology in the future wireless generation.
PRouting, security, limited bandwidth, and low power are
some of the important challenges to the technology.

PAs far as low power is concerned, it's more of a hardware

issue. However, it does effect the other operations of the ad-
hoc network.

P Consider that in a network there are three nodes

named as node1,node2,node3. Assume that the node1 wants
to transmits data to the node3 through node2(router) .If
node2 refuses to transmit the data or unable to do so then
this leads to a problem.
‰In mobile ad-hoc networks, a mobile node meets two types of security
challenges: import and export authorization.

‰Import authorization requires a node acting as a router to decide

weather or not it should modify its routing information when it receives
information from somewhere outside.

‰Export authorization requires the router to make a decision whenever it

receives a request for routing information.

‰Source authentication: we need to be able to verify that the node is the

one it claims to be.

‰Integrity: we need to be able to verify that the routing information that

it is being sent to us has arrived safely.
½From the security perspective, in mobile ad-hoc networks there
are two kinds of messages--the routing, and the data message--
with different natures and different security needs.
½Data messages are point-to-point and can therefore be saved by
using an existing point-to-point security mechanism, such as IPSec
(Secure Internet Protocol).
½However, for routing messages, there will always be some parts of
those messages that will change during their propagation. This is
perhaps the main challenge posed by routing messages to the ad-
hoc environment.
½Normally, routing messages carry two types of information,
mutable and non-mutable. It's desirable that the mutable
information in a routing messages is secured in such a way that no
trust in intermediate nodes is required. Otherwise, securing the
mutable information will be much more computationally intensive.
Plus, the overall security of the system will greatly decrease.
mOne possible solution is to use a trusted certificate server C,
whose public key is known to all participating nodes.

mKeys are priority generated and are exchanged through a

mutual relationship between C and each node. Each node
obtains a certificate with exactly a single key from the trusted
certificate server upon joining the network.

mThe certificate details different aspects of the connecting

node. These details include node addresses, a public key, and
a time stamp t1 and t2, where t1 and t2 represent the
certificate issue and certificate expiration time. These
certificates are authenticated and signed by the server C.
P The goal of communication between the source and the
destination is to make sure that the data safely reaches the
destination.
PTherefore, whenever a node wants to transmit data to a
destination for which it does not have any routing entry in its
routing tables, it can adopt one of several mechanisms, such
as invoking a route discovery mechanism (on-demand
protocols), or invoking route discovery and data delivery
processes (mobile ad-hoc on-demand data delivery protocol).
As for the security perspective, besides an IP address of the
destination, a broadcast ID, and a source ID, the packet also
contains a certificate A and the expiration time t2. All of
these are assigned to the public key, which was allocated to
the source node at the time it joined.
9 Each intermediate or receiving node of the package extracts
the public key from the certificate C attached to the packet to
validate the signature and make sure the certificate is still
valid before forwarding it to other nodes.
9 To explain further, consider a scenario in which node A
wants to transmit data to node D. Node B on the receiving
route request verifies the public key and the certificate
validation time by extracting this information from the
certificate attached to the packet. Once this has been done, B
then removes the A certificate signature, records B as
predecessor, signs the contents of the message originally
broadcast by A, appends its own certificate, and forwards the
broadcast message to the neighboring node until it reaches
D.
POne of many possible uses of mobile ad-hoc networks is in
some business environments, where the need for
collaborative computing might be more important outside
the office environment than inside, such as in a business
meeting outside the office to brief clients on a given
assignment.
PA mobile ad-hoc network can also be used to provide crisis
management services applications, such as in disaster
recovery, where the entire communication infrastructure is
destroyed and resorting communication quickly is crucial. By
using a mobile ad-hoc network, an infrastructure could be set
up in hours instead of weeks, as is required in the case of
wired line communication.
P
P Another application example of a mobile ad-hoc network
is Bluetooth, which is designed to support a personal area
network by eliminating the need of wires between various
devices, such as printers and personal digital assistants.
PWe have presented a detailed performance comparison of
routing protocols for mobile ad hoc wireless networks. Reactive
protocols performed well in high mobility scenarios than proactive
protocol. High mobility result in highly dynamic topology i.e.
frequent route failures and changes. Both proactive protocols fail
to respond fast enough to changing topology.
PSecurity is one of the fundamental issues in mobile ad-hoc
networks. I've highlighted different security requirements, along
with a possible solution to secure transmission in these types of
networks. The proposed security solution is one of several ways to
protect data communication in mobile ad-hoc networks.
However, there's a solid need to deploy more efficient strategies
to resolve various issues besides security in mobile ad-hoc
networks.