THEORY OF RELATIVITY

Group 1-BE2AA
 O U T L I N E

1. Principle of Relativity

2. Einstein’s Postulates of Special Relativity

3. Velocity Addition

Back to future: Albert Einstein

4. Simultaneity

5. Time Dilation

6. Length Contraction
7. Mass and Energy

Physics in Practice: The Appearance of

Moving Objects

8. Relativistic Momentum

9. Relativistic Kinetic Energy

10. The Relativistic Doppler Effect

11. The Principle of Equivalence

12. General Relativity

Physics in Practice: The Twin Paradox

1 . P R I N C I P L E O F R E L AT I V I T Y

Galileo

Newton

Maxwell
 2 . E I N S T E I N ’ S P O S T U L AT E S O F
S P E C I A L R E L AT I V I T Y
Special Relativity

- incorporates the principle that the speed of light is the same for all
inertial observers of the state of motion of the source
 Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879)

 PRINCIPLES:

• The laws of physics is the same in all inertial reference frames

• The speed of light in the free space is independent of the

motion of its source and of the motion of its observer
Galileo Galileo (Feb. 15, 1564)

 Galilean Relativity
- Speed of light would not be the same if viewed from
different frames
 James Clerk Maxwell

• - predicted that an electromagnetic wave should propagate

in a vacuum with a unique speed

• C=
• µ0 = 4π×10−7 V·s/(A·m) ≈ 1.2566370614...×10−6 H·m
or N·A−2 or T·m/A
• =1/ c20= 8.854187…x10-12 As/(Vm) or F/m
 3. VELOCITY ADDITION

Formula, u=u’+v
u= u’+ v
1+u’v
c2

25.5 A space station moving away from the earth at 0.55c launches a rocket
toward earth with a velocity 0.75c. What is the rocket's speed as seen from the
earth?
 4 . S I M U LTA N E I T Y

Refers to the two events occur at the same time.

5 . T I M E D I L AT I O N
 5 . T I M E D I L AT I O N

∆t= ∆t0______

_______

√1-v2/c2

25.19 An astronaut journeying to the nearby star Alpha Centauri at a

speed of 0.99c relative to the earth requires 8.57 years as measured
on earth to complete her trip. How many years does the astronaut
age during this journey?
6. LENGTH CONTRACTION
 6. LENGTH CONTRACTION

Formula, l=l0 √1-v2/c2

25.25 A spaceship with a proper length of 300 m passes near a

space platform at a relative speed of 0.86c. What is the length of
the spaceship when measured in the frame of the space
platform?
7. MASS AND ENERGY
 7. MASS AND ENERGY

25.35 An electron and a positron ( a positive electron ) can come

together and annihilate; that is, they disappear, producing a flash
of electromagnetic radiation. If each of these particle has a mass
of 9.11 * 10 -31 kg, what is the total energy of the radiation?
 8 . R E L AT I V I S T I C M O M E N T U M

25.39 A muon (m = 1.88 * 10 -28 kg ) travels with a speed of 1.87

* 10 8 m/s as measured in the laboratory. What is the
momentum of the muon in the frame of the laboratory?
9 . R E L AT I V I S T I C K I N E T I C E N E R G Y

25.43 A muon travels with a kinetic energy equal to its mass

energy. How fast is it traveling?
1 0 . T H E R E L AT I V I S T I C D O P P L E R
EFFECT
1 0 . T H E R E L AT I V I S T I C D O P P L E R
EFFECT

25.51 radio signals from a distant planet are receive at a

frequency of 106 MHz on a spaceship headed directly toward
the planet at a speed of 0.30c. What is the frequency of the radio
signal as measured on that planet?
 11 . T H E P R I N C I P L E O F
E Q U I VA L E N C E

State that having an acceleration a with respect to an inertial frame

(performed in a uniformly accelerating reference frame), give exactly the
same result as identical experiments carried out in an inertial frame
containing a uniform gravitational field..

Relationship between accelerated motion and gravitational force.

25.57 A radio signal of frequency fo is broadcast by a station on a

mountaintop 3500 m above sea level. What is the shift in frequency of that
station as measured by an observer at sea level?
 11 . T H E P R I N C I P L E O F
E Q U I VA L E N C E

∆f = gh

f c2

25.57 A radio signal of frequency fo is broadcast by a station on a

mountaintop 3500 m above sea level. What is the shift in frequency
of that station as measured by an observer at sea level?
1 2 . G E N E R A L R E L AT I V I T Y
 1 2 . G E N E R A L R E L AT I V I T Y

25.61 A beam of particles traveling at 0.75c is observed in the

laboratory. in a time equal to one mean life in the frame of the
particles, the beam has traveled 6.12 m in the laboratory. What
is the mean life of these particles?
 REFERENCES

PHYSICS, third edition :Jones/Childers

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