WCDMA Radio Theory

ZTE University

TD&W&PCS BSS Course Team

 Course Objectives

At the end of this course, you will be able to:

 Master channel encoding of WCDMA
 Master spread spectrum principle of WCDMA
 Master modulation of WCDMA
Content

The basic principles of wireless communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Multi Access

Spread spectrum Technology

Channel Coding

Interleave Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

 Radio propagation charactistics

Characteristic of Radio Propagation

 Electromagnetic propagation: direct radiation 、 reflection 、 diffractio
n and scattering
 Signal attenuation:
 Path loss ： Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the spread

reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading 。

 Slow fading ： Loss because of being blocked by the building and hill in th

e propagation path
 Fast fading ： Electromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens wa

velength ranges

 Description of Fast fading distribution

 Rayleigh distribution ： non line-of –sight transmission

 Rice distribution ： line-of –sight transmission

 Radio propagation charactistics

Characteristics of Radio Propagation

Interference dithering

0  2 3  + 
Sending signal Accepting signal Sending signal Accepting signal

delay fading
-25dB
0dB

0   + 
Sending signal Accepting signal Sending signal Accepting signal

Frequency
Frequency off-set
off-setcaused
causedbybythe
themovement
movementof mobile ，
ofmobile ，tha
tha
ttis
isDoppler
Dopplereffect
effect
 Radio propagation charactistics

Multi-Path Effects

sending signal

strength

receiving signal

0 time
Content

The basic principles of wireless communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Multi Access

Spread spectrum Technology

Channel Coding

Interleave Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

 Multiple access

Multiple Access
Frequency
Frequencydivision
divisionmultiple
multipleaccess
access FDMA
technology
technology
Channels
Channelsin indifferent
differentfrequency
frequencyare
are Power
allocated to different users, e.g.
allocated to different users, e.g. y
enc
TACS、
TACS AMPS。
、AMPS Ti m u
。 eq
e Fr

Time
Timedivision
divisionmultiple
multipleaccess
access TDMA
technology
technology
channels
channelsin indifferent
differenttime
timeare
areallocated
allocatedto
to Power
different users, e.g. GSM 、 DAMPS
different users, e.g. GSM 、 DAMPS 。 。 y
e nc
Tim qu
e Fre

Code
Codedivision
divisionmultiple
multipleaccess
access
technology CDMA
technology
Users
Usersdistinguished
distinguishedby
byscramble
scramblecode,
code,e.g.
e.g. Power
CDMA
CDMA
n cy
Tim ue
eq
e Fr
Content

The basic principles of wireless communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Multi Access

Spread spectrum Technology

Channel Coding

Interleave Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

 Spreading technology

Principle of Spreading spectrum

 A technology of transmission technology after spreading frequen

cy of signal.

 Theoretical Basis: Shannon theory C=Wlog2(1+S/N)

Wideband
Signal

Slow Slow
Information Information
Sent Recovered

TX RX

Fast Fast
Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence
 Spreading technology

Sketch Map of Spreading

S（f） S（f）

signal
signal

f0 f0 f
f
Before spreading After spreading

S（f） S（f）

White noise signal

signal White noise

f0 f f0 f
After despreading
Before despreading

signal interference White noise

 Spreading technology

Spreading Mode

 Direct sequence spread （ DS － SS ）

 Base band data is spreaded by multiplication of pseudo-noise sequ
ence and base-band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence generated
by the pseudo-noise generator
 BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect
 Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by
power detection accuracy
 WCDMA uses DS-SS

 Frequency hopping spread （ FH-SS ）

 Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency
hopping
 Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband m
odulation
 No near-far effect
 Spreading technology

Characteristics of Spreading Communication

 High anti-multi-path- interference capability

 High security

 Lower transmitting power

 Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access Communicatio

n

 Occupy band wide

 Complex realization
Content

The basic principles of wireless communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Multi Access

Spread spectrum Technology

Channel Coding

Interleave Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

 Channel coding

Purpose of Channel Coding

 purpose:
 By adding redundant information in the original data stream,

receivers can detect and correct the error signal, and improve
data transmission rates.
 Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the o

riginal data

WCDMA WWCCDDMMAA W ？CCDDMMA

TURBO T T UURRBBOO A
SPEAK S S PPEEAAKK T T U ？RRBBO
O
S S PPEEA ？KK
 Channel coding

Principle of Channel Coding

 Channel coding
 Convolutional coding and Turbo coding （ 1/2 ， 1/3 ） are wi

dely applied.
 Increase redundancy and transmission time

 Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors

Can not satisfy
No correct coding: BER<10 ~ 10
-1 -2
the communication

Can satisfy the

Convolutional coding ： BER<10-3 speech communication

Can satisfy the

Turbo coding ： BER<10 -6
data communication
Content

The basic principles of wireless communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Multi Access

Spread spectrum Technology

Channel Coding

Interleave Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

 Interleaving technology

Principle of Interleave Technology

 advantage
 Interleave is to change the sequence of data to discretize the burst

continuous errors
 Advance the correcting validity

 disadvantage ：
 Increase the processing delay

 Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for t

he unexpected error .
e.g.
x1 x6 x11 x16 x21
x2 x7 … x22

Data input x3 x8 … x23 Data output

x4 x9 … x24 A’= (x1 x6 x11 x16… x25)
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 … x25)
x5 x10 … x25
 Interleaving technology

Encoding and Interleaving

WCDMA WWCCDDMMAA WTSWTS

Encoding Interleaving
TURBO T T UURRBBOO CUPCUP
SPEAK S S PPEEAAKK DREDRE
MBAMBA
AOKAOK

WTS???
Decoding W??CDDMMAA Deinterleaving
? ? ?CUP
T ? ?URRBBOO
DREDRE
S ? ?PEEAA KK MBAMBA
AOKAOK
Content

The basic principles of wireless communication

WCDMA wireless technology

 WCDMA wireless technology

Data transmission Procedure

Encoding & Spreading&

UE Data Modulation
Interleaving Scrambling

RF Transmission

Despreading&
Demodulation RF Receiving
Descrambling

Baseband Decoding & D UE Data

demodulation einteleaving
 WCDMA wireless technology

Convolutional Code

 Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal channel

 Coding rate is ½ and 1/3 。

Input
D D D D D D D D
Output 0
G0 = 557 (octal)

Output 1
G1 = 663 (octal)

Output 2
G2 = 711 (octal)
Rate 1/3 convolutional coder
 WCDMA wireless technology

Characteristics of Convolutional code

 Easy decode

 Short delay

 Generally use the Viterbi Algorithm

 Channel bit error rate is 10 － 3 magnitude

 Suitable to realtime service

 e.g. speech and video service.
 WCDMA wireless technology

Turbo Code
 Used in Data service channel
 Code Rate is 1/3
 Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and long delay services
 Turbo coding structure is based on two or more weak error control code combinations.
The information bits are interleaved in the two Encoder, and generate two information
flow. At last, this information can be multiplexed and punctured
 Decoding needs cycle iterative calculation

input

Multiplex
Encoder 1 output
Interleaver

Encoder 2
 WCDMA wireless technology

Characteristics of Turbo Codes

 Complex decoding
 Use the LOG-MAP arithmetic
 Channel bit error rate is 10 － 6 magnitude
  Very suitable to non-realtime package service which is BER sens
itive & delay insensitive ,
 e.g. WWW, FTP, E_mail , multimedia transmission .
 WCDMA wireless technology

Interleaving Technology of WCDMA

 Intra-frame interleave
 Bits transform in the internal frame

 Inter-frame interleave
 Data transform among the frames

 Intra-Turbo codes interleave

 Complex nesting of intra-frame and inter-frame interleave
 WCDMA wireless technology

Data transmission Procedure

Encoding & Spreading&

UE Data Scrambling Modulation
Interleaving

RF Transmission

Despreading&
Descrambling Demodulation RF Receiving

Decoding & D UE Data

einteleaving
 WCDMA wireless technology

Spreading of WCDMA

Chip after
Data bit Spreading

OVSF Code Scramble Code

Symbol
Symbol rate
rate ×× SF
SF == 3.84Mcps
3.84Mcps
WCDMA，
WCDMA ，SF
SF of of uplink
uplink channelized code：
channelized code ：4~256
4~256
SF
SF ofof downlink
downlink channelized
channelized code:4~512
code:4~512
OVSF:
OVSF: Orthogonal
Orthogonal Variable
Variable Spreading
Spreading Factor
Factor
 WCDMA wireless technology

Despreading of WCDMA

 Method of despreading

Input signal
Output after despreading
Ts
(*)dt
0

When T=Ts, judge

integral

Local PN code
 WCDMA wireless technology

Spreading and Despreading

Symbol

1
Data = -1
010010
Chip
Spreading code = Spreading
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1
( SF = 8 ) -1

Spread signal 1
= Data × code -1

Despreading
Spreading code 1
-1
Data =
Spread signal
1
×
-1
Spread code
 WCDMA wireless technology

Concept of orthogonal code

Code1 +1-1+1+1-1+1-1-1

Code2 -1+1+1-1-1+1+1-1
Orthogonal—
Mul -1-1+1-1+1+1-1+1
the result of multiplying and sum is 0
Sum 0

Orthogonal
Code1 +1-1+1-1-1+1-1-1

Code2 +1+1-1+1-1-1+1-1

Mul +1-1-1-1+1-1-1+1

Sum -2

Non-orthogonal
 WCDMA wireless technology

Code Resource Allocation

In WCDMA, code resources are mainly divided into channelization

codes and scrambling codes.
 Channelization code:
 Channelization codes are based on the orthogonal variable

spreading factor (OVSF) technology. Transmission from a

single source are separated by channelization codes.

 Scrambling code:
 Scrambling codes are used after spreading, which will not

change the signal bandwidth. They are only used to

differentiate different UEs or Node Bs.
 WCDMA wireless technology

Channelization Code

 Adopt OVSF code

 C ch,SF,k ： describe channelization code,
 SF ： spread factor ，
 k ： code number, 0 < k<SF-1
 WCDMA wireless technology

Characteristic of channelization code

 Premise of code allocation:

 ensure not occupied for the code in the root direction and d
ownwards subtree
 Result of code allocation:
 block all low rate SC in subtree and high rate in upwards ro
ot direction

SF=8

SF=16

SF=32
 WCDMA wireless technology

Example
Idle

Allocated
SF= 8 0 0
` Blocked

SF=16 ` 0 1 ` 0 1

SF=32 ` 0 1 ` 2 3 ` 0 1 ` 2 3

SF=64 ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(a) (b)

SF= 8 0 0

SF=16 ` 0 1 ` 0 1

SF=32 ` 0 1 ` 2 3 ` 0 1 ` 2 3

SF=64 ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(c) (d)
 WCDMA wireless technology

Scrambling code

Chip after
Data bit Spreading

OVSF Code Scramble Code

 In addition to spreading, part of the process in the transmitter is the sc

rambling operation. This is needed to separate terminals or base statio
ns from each other. Scrambling is used on top of spreading, so it does
not change the signal bandwidth but only makes the signals from differ
ent sources separable from each other.
 WCDMA wireless technology

Scrambling code of WCDMA

WCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random binary sequence (PN code)

WCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random binary sequence (PN code)
 It has similar noise array character , is that one kind is seemingly random bu
It has similar noise array character , is that one kind is seemingly random bu
t tcyclicity
cyclicitybinary
binarysystem
systemarray.
array.Can
Canmake
makethe
theuser
userdata
dataaafurther
furtherrandomizati
randomizati
on
on, ,strengthened
strengthenedby byscrambling
scramblingaacode
codetotokeep
keepsecret
secretthe
thefunction,
function, atatthe
thess
ame
ametimetimeeasy
easytotocarry
carryout
outmultiple
multipleaccess
accesscommunication.
communication.

 WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold sequence

WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold sequence
  Gold has excellent self_correlation,
Gold has excellent self_correlation,
  Mutual_correlation is very small between subsection serial.
Mutual_correlation is very small between subsection serial.
  It is used to identify cell and user for multiple address.
It is used to identify cell and user for multiple address.
 WCDMA wireless technology

Characteristic of Scrambling code

 There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to distinguish differe
nt users in one cell.
 Uplink Scrambling codes include long scrambling codes and short scramblin
g codes. The Short Scrambling codes are used for multi-user detecting
 There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to distinguish different c
ells
 Scrambling codes in common use are 0 ， 1 ，……， 8191 ， they are divided into 5
12 aggregations ， each aggregation has 1primary scrambling code and 15 seco
ndary scrambling codes.
 512 primary scrambling codes can be divided into 64 scrambling code groups ,th
ere is 8 primary scrambling in each group.
 WCDMA wireless technology

Data transmission Procedure

Encoding & Spreading&

UE Data Scrambling Modulation
Interleaving

RF Transmission

Despreading&
Descrambling Demodulation RF Receiving

Decoding & D UE Data

einteleaving
 WCDMA wireless technology

WCDMA Modulation

 UL: BPSK
 DL:QPSK （ HSDPA introduce 16QAM ）
 Exercise
 multiple access technolog include ?
 pls describe the channel coding purpose and interleaving techn
ology purpose.
 WCDMA adopts( ) and( )channel coding technology. the
coding rate is( ) ( )
 the spreading code of WCDMA is ( ), the sf of ul channelize c
ode is ( ), and the dl is ( )
 There are ( ) Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to disti
nguish different( ) in one cell.
 There are ( ) Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to distinguis
h( )
 WCDMA modulation technology include ( ) and ( )