Thermodynamic and Enthalpy Chart

Thermo-dymanic and
Enthalpy Chart
YORK Production System
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Copyright 1999 by York International
• Quick Physics Review
• Pressure-Enthalpy Chart
• Water Chiller Pressure-Enthalpy Chart
• Pressure-Enthalpy Chart curves
• Cycles in refrigeration

First Law of Thermodynamics
• You can neither produce nor destroy

energy.
• You can only change its form
• Heat and mechanical energy are
mutually convertible

Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Heat flows from a body

of higher intensity to a
body of lower intensity

Boyle’s Law
• The volume of a gas varies inversely

with its pressure (if the temperature of
the gas remains constant)
• To increase the pressure, reduce the
volume
• If the volume is doubled, the pressure
will be reduced by 50%

Charles Law
• The volume of a gas is in direct
proportion to its temperature,
provided the pressure is kept
constant, and...
• the pressure of a gas is in direct
proportion to its temperature,
provided that the volume is kept
constant

Pressure and Boiling Temperature
• Water boils at
100°C at sea
level
• Water boils at
84°C at the top
of The MONT
BLANC (4807 m
above sea level)

Negative Pressure
• Vacuum
• Rated in mm of mercury
(mm HG)

Gauge Pressure
• Relative to
atmospheric
pressure
• Calibrated to read
zero when open to
ambient air

THE CALORIE
• The amount of heat

required to raise the
temperature of one gram
of water on 1°degree
Celsius

THE JOULE
• 1 KCal = 1000 Calories
• 1 KCal = 4,185 KJoules
• 1 Kcal = -1fg
• 1 BTU = 1,052 Kjoules

THE WATT
• 1 Watt = 1 Joule/ 1second
• 1 KWatt = 1000 Watt
• 1 HP = 0,745 KWatt

Heat Transfer and Change of State
• Boiling
occurs at a
constant
temperature

Heat Transfer and Change of State
• Condensation occurs at a
constant temperature
Light

Changes of states
for water
Pressure :1013 mbar

Sensible Heat Gain
Atmospheric pressure
WATER
Adding Heat

Vaporization
Water
Atmospheric Pressure Boiling
Liquid turns
to vapor

Saturation
Atmospheric Pressure
Both liquid and vapor
in the same container
212° F
100° C

Changing the Saturation Point
A pressure cooker
prevents vapor
from escaping.
An increase in
pressure on the
surface of a liquid,
will produce an
increase of the
boiling point of Water Boiling
that liquid. 1 bar gauge
120°C

Lowering the Saturation Point
A vacuum pump
draws all air out of
the vessel.
A decrease in
pressure on the
surface of a liquid,
will produce a
decrease of the
boiling point of Water Boiling
that liquid. 23,3 mbar vacuum
20°C

Pressure/Temperature relationship for water
mmHg 1.43 4.58 9.2 17.5 31.8 55.3 92.5 149 233 355 525 760
mbar 1.9 6.1 12.2 23.3 42.2 73.7 123 198 310 473 700 1013
°C -15 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
bar 1.013 1.98 3.63 6.2 10 15.6 120
°C 100 120 140 160 180 200 300 325

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart
Pressure
Enthalpy

Pressure
Heat Content
(KJoules/Kg)
Enthalpy

Pressure
Line
id
Liqu
Enthalpy

Pressure
Line
e
id
r Lin
Liquid - Vapor
Liqu
Mix
o
Vap
Enthalpy

Pressure
100% Liquid
Enthalpy

Pressure
100% Vapor
Enthalpy

Pressure
20% Liquid 80% Vapor
Enthalpy

Pressure
Evaporator
Enthalpy

Pressure
Evaporator
Refrigerant absorbs
heat from load
Enthalpy

Pressure
Evaporator
Refrigerant absorbs
heat from load
Enthalpy

Pressure
Evaporator
Refrigeration
Effect
Enthalpy

Pressure
Compressor
Enthalpy

Pressure
Compressor
Head Pressure
Enthalpy

Pressure
Refrigerant rejects
heat to atmosphere
Condenser
Enthalpy

Pressure
Refrigerant rejects
heat to atmosphere
Condenser
Enthalpy

Pressure
Metering Device
- Thermal expansion
valve
- Fixed orifice
- Variable orifice
Enthalpy

Pressure
Condenser
Metering
Device Compressor
Evaporator
Enthalpy

Pressure
Refrigerant rejects
heat to atmosphere
Condenser
Metering
Device Compressor
Evaporator Refrigerant absorbs
heat from load
Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart (Water Chiller)
Pressure
6°C
44°
Enthalpy

Pressure
44° 6°C
Enthalpy

Pressure
12°
6°
Enthalpy

Pressure
35°
12°
6°
Enthalpy

Pressure
Cooling
Tower
35°
12°
6°
Enthalpy

Pressure
Cooling
30°
Tower
35°
12°
6°
Enthalpy

Pressure
Enthalpy

Pressure
Refrigeration
Effect
Enthalpy

Pressure
Adding a subcooler
Refrigeration
Effect
Enthalpy

Pressure
subcooling
Adding a subcooler
Refrigeration
Effect
Enthalpy

Pressure
Adding a subcooler
Refrigeration
Effect
Increased refrigeration effect

Enthalpy

Pressure
Adding a subcooler
Increases refrigeration effect
Increases energy efficiency
Refrigeration
Effect
Enthalpy

Enthalpic Chart :Curves
• Isobars bar
• Isotherms °C
• Isenthalpic KJ/kg
• Isentropic KJ/kg K
• Isovolume m³/kg
• Isotitles %

Enthalpic chart R22

Enthalpic chart R22
Isobars (bar)

Enthalpic chart R22
Isotherm 0°C

Enthalpic chart R22
Isenthalpic 200KJ/kg

Enthalpic chart R22
K
/kg
KJ
1.8
S=
pic
t ro
isen

Enthalpic chart R22
³/ k g
0.1 00 m
ev =
ho r
Is o c

Enthalpic chart R22
le %
tit
Iso

Cycles in refrigeration
• Single stage cycle R22

• Bi-stage cycle NH3 with Flooded economizer
• Bi-stage cycle NH3 with partial injection

Single stage cycle R22


Bi-stage cycle NH3 with Flooded economizer


Bi-stage cycle NH3 with partial injection


HOURRA !!!
THE END


Thermodynamic and Enthalpy Chart

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Thermo-dymanic and

YORK Production System

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YORK Production System

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• You can neither produce nor destroy

YORK Production System

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• Heat flows from a body

YORK Production System

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• The volume of a gas varies inversely

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YORK Production System

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YORK Production System

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YORK Production System

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• The amount of heat

YORK Production System

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YORK Production System

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YORK Production System

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YORK Production System

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Pressure :1013 mbar

YORK Production System

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YORK Production System

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YORK Production System

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YORK Production System

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bar 1.013 1.98 3.63 6.2 10 15.6 120

°C 100 120 140 160 180 200 300 325

YORK Production System

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20% Liquid 80% Vapor

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