Session No :1

LEADERSHIP

Principles and Practices

of
 OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE OF
OF THE
THE UNIT
UNIT

To understand the concept of leadership for

influencing others to work enthusiastically .
To understand various leadership styles so that
managers can adopt suitable style.
To understand which are the functions and
characteristics of the leader.
A person, who no matter how desperate the
situation , gives other hope, is a true leader .

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 Definition
Definition of
of leadership
leadership
• According to Peter Drucker “ leadership is the lifting of
man’s vision to higher sights, the raising of man’s
performance to a higher standards, the building of
man’s personality beyond its normal limitations”

• According to Keith Davis “ leadership is the ability to

pursued others to seek defined objectives
enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a
group together and motivates it towards goals”

• “leadership is the activity of infusing people to strive

willingly for mutual objectives”

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 Definition
Definition of
of leadership
leadership

• “ leadership is essentially a continuous process of

influencing behavior. A leader breathes life into the
group and motivates it towards goals. The lukewarm
desire of achievement are transferred into a burning
passion for accomplishment”
George Terry

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 Difference
Difference between
between Leader
Leader and
and Manager
Manager
• 1. A person emerge as a leader
A person emerge as a manger due to his position

• 2. A Leader has a personal power

A. A manager has positional power

• 3. Objectives of the leader and followers are same

Objectives of a manger is not equal. Clash of objectives

• 4. A leader- Doing right things

A Manager- Doing things right

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 Difference
Difference between
between Leadership
Leadership and
and
Management
Management
• Leadership deals with • Management deals with
vision structure and system
• Leadership derives • It derives power from
power from values and organizational position
correct principles • It involves in controlling
• It inspires people to work and monitoring results
together with common against plans, finding
vision and purpose. deviations and action.
• It emphasis • It emphasis transactional
transformational aspect aspect.

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 Characteristics
Characteristics of
of leadership
leadership
“

1. leadership implies the existence of followers.

2. Working relationship between leaders and
followers
3. Personal quality
4. Reciprocal relationship
5. Community of interest
6. Guidance
7. Related to a particular situation
8. Shared function
9. Power relationship
10.Different leadership styles
Source: Figure 2.1
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 Functions
Functions of
of aa leader
leader

• Setting and Achieving Organization Goals-

• Under this category the functions of the leader are-
• 1. Goal setter

• 2. Planner

• 3. Executive

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 Functions
Functions of
of aa leader
leader

• Planning operation of the organization-

• 1. Expert
• 2. External Group representatives
• 3. Surrogate for individual responsibility( trust in leader)
• 4. Controller of internal relationship within the
• organization

5.Administrator of rewards or punishments-

• 6. Arbitrator and Mediator.

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 Functions
Functions of
of aa leader
leader
• Symbolic figure for the Group.-
• Exemplar

• Symbol of Group.( continuity and stability)

• Ideologist-

• Father figure-

• Scapegoat-

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Situational
Situational forces
forces determining
determining choices
choices of
of leadership
leadership style
style

• Forces in the manager-

• The inner nature of the leader such as
attudes,values,knowlodge,skill,experience,maturity,e
motional flexibility is the deciding the factor of
leadership style.
• If he believe in Theory ‘X’ then he will follow
authoritarian leadership( Autocratic leadership).
• Theory X suggest that an average person is dislike
the work,self-centered,not ready to change, dislike
job-responsibility, he desired job security and want
financial rewards.

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12
Situational
Situational forces
forces determining
determining choices
choices of
of leadership
leadership style
style
• If he leader believes in theory ‘Y’ then he will choose democratic
style of leadership.
• Theory ‘Y’ suggest that an average person is not resistant to
organizational needs, he exercise self direction and self control,
he is committed to the objectives, if he receive rewards he will
not only accept but also seek responsibility.

Forces in the Subordinates- a leader also choose his

leadership style on the forces within the subordinates like his
knowledge and skill, their need for independence,acceptence of
management objectives, tolerance capacity, expectation in
sharing decision making .

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13
Situational
Situational forces
forces determining
determining choices
choices of
of leadership
leadership style
style

Forces in the general situation-

1.leadership style of the manager’s supervisors- a
leadership style is also depend upon the leadership style of the
supervisor of the leader. It is difficult to autocratic leader
under the leadership of democratic leader and vice versa.
2. Job demands-
If a job is complex and the worker are not skilled the he will
choose autocratic style and worker are skilled enough the he
will choose democratic style.
It also depend upon the department he is handling ex.
production dept-autocratic style and research dept democratic
style.
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Situational
Situational forces
forces determining
determining choices
choices of
of leadership
leadership style
style
Pressure of time- if there is no time to seek
suggestion of the subordinates and it is emergency
then he will choose autocratic style and there is time
for participation of the subordinates he will be of
democratic leader

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 Forces
Forces in
in the
the organizational
organizational System
System
1. Division of work- democratic leadership can be possible
where there is constant contact of worker and worker find it
easy to share information to each other. if it is not there in the
department then a leader has to choose autocratic style.
2.Organisation structure- when the organizational structure
is a vertical then autocratic leadership can be adopted. when
the span of control is small then he can observe democratic
leadership.
3. Production technology- participative leadership is possible
where the production is done according to the customer
specification. Ex. Fabrication industry

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 Forces
Forces in
in the
the organizational
organizational System
System
in the process manufacturing company like chemical or
fabric company democratic or participative style of
leadership can be adopted as the leader always
require frequent advice and suggestions from the staff
personnel.

Authoritarian leadership is effective in the industry where

the firm is using mass production technology such as
clothing and food industry. In this product and market is
fixed. A leader only follow the procedure.

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8
 Qualities
Qualities in
in the
the successful
successful leader
leader
1. Physical Features

2. Intelligence

3. Emotional Stability

4. Human Relations

5. Empathy (understanding others opinion)

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8
 Qualities
Qualities in
in the
the successful
successful leader
leader
6 Objectivity (decision on facts and information)

7 Motivating skills

8 Technical skill

9 Communication Skill

10 Social Skill

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8
 Different
Different Leadership
Leadership style
style
1. Autocratic leadership
Leaders have full power to take decisions
Leaders have full responsibility
Workers have to work as per instructions
Quick decision is possible
Less talented followers can perform job effectively
Followers need not take any decision
Most of the people dislike this style
Frustration, low morale and conflict
Restriction on new concept, innovation

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9
 Different
Different Leadership
Leadership style
style
1. democratic leadership
The authority is decentralized
The decision are taken wholeheartedly
Subordinated know about the goals of organization
It gives satisfaction to the followers
Leader can improve his decision making ability
Improved decision
Followers can dominate the leader
Decision taking time is more.

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9
 Different
Different Leadership
Leadership style
style
1. Free-rein leadership
The leaders have no authority and responsibility
Followers take decisions themselves.
Employee centered style, self motivated.
High morale, optimum utilization of human resource
Zero contribution of leader
Leader does not support the followers.

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9
 Leadership
Leadership style
style in
in Indian
Indian organization
organization
.
Most of the Indian industries are the family industry. Son and
the grand son the owner can easily promoted to higher
position without giving any test. So most of the company has
family and centralized organizational structure.
Being a family oriented industry and centralized structure the
leaders of these firms adopted autocratic style of leadership.
According one survey Indian manger has not much faith in
their subordinates and worker’s ability to delegate
responsibility and authority.

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9
 Mentoring
Mentoring

Definition: Mentoring
When a young person joins the organization he needs
some senior person for emotional and moral support
and guidance.

The senior person is called the “Mentor” and the

young person is called “Protégé”

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 Functions
Functions of
of Mentor
Mentor
To establish long-lasting personal and informal
relationship of mutual trust and confidence with
protégé.
To present himself as a model of Behavioral norms
which are admired and identified by Protégé
To listen to the personal and job-related problems of the
protégé
To help protégé in searching alternative solution of his
problem.
To share relevant experience with the protégé.
To identify the development needs of the protégé and to
increase his/her effectiveness
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 Skill
Skill of
of aa mentor
mentor
• Good Listening Skill
• Sophistication in using different forms of question
which can elicit more information, clarify matters and
stimulate thinking.
• Ability to give feedback in proper way so that the
protégé is able to reduce his/her Blind area and
increase his/her self-awareness and
• Skills in promoting the protégé to develop effective
strategies.

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 IfIf you
you want
want to
to be
be aa leader
leader you
you should…….
should…….
1. Pay attention to what other say when they are talking
2. Care about other people
3. Make the work of other meaningful
4. Have a clear set of priorities
5. Have a great deal of self-respect
6. Enjoy taking carefully calculated risk
7. Focus on strength of yourself and others
8. Help others feel competent in what they do
9. Are in touch with how other feel
10. Feel most alive when deeply involved in a project
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 IfIf you
you want
want to
to be
be aa leader
leader you
you should…….
should…….
11. Show others that they are all part of the same group.
12. Freely communicate ideas and feelings
13. Get others to focus on the important issues.
14. Learn from mistakes and do not treat mistakes as disasters.
14. Focus on the key issues in a situation

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 Thank You

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