Which to choose?

Apoptosis or Necrosis
Apoptosis

• (Gr. apo, off + ptosis, a falling).

• highly regulated cellular activity
• occurs rapidly and produces small membrane-
enclosed apoptotic bodies,
• undergo phagocytosis by neighbouring cells or
macrophages.
• BUT cells undergoing necrosis as a result of
accidental injury.
Desire to have Apoptosis

• Apoptotic cells: do not rupture and

release none of their contents.
• release of cellular components causes a rapid
series of local reactions & cause inflammatory
response.
• In DNA Damaged Cells; such response is
undesirable.
• Apoptosis occurs rapidly and eliminate the cell
without repercussions.
A few examples
• Inside the thymus, T lymphocytes that may react
against self-antigens receive signals that activate
the apoptotosis.
• In the mature ovary, apoptosis happen in both the
monthly loss of luteal cells and removal of excess
occytes + follicles.
• Plays an important role in formation of the central
nervous system.
• Eliminating cells because of: lack of nutrients, by
damage by free radicals; radiation, or by the action
of tumor suppressor proteins
• Note: First discovered in embryos, where apoptosis
is an essential for morphogenesis. Quicker than
Mitosis; no traces.
How it happens?

• Most cells of the body can activate their

apoptotic program when major changes
occur in their DNA
• Ex: mutations accumulate in the DNA.
prevents the proliferation to form a
tumour.
• Malignant cells deactivate the genes
that control the apoptotic process, thus
avoiding death and allowing cancer
progression.
The Process

1. Loss of mitochondrial function

2. Fragmentation of DNA
3. Shrinkage of nuclear and cell volumes
4. Cell membrane changes
5. Formation and phagocytic removal of these
apoptotic bodies
1- Loss of mitochondrial function

I. Mitochondrial membrane integrity is not

maintained,
II. End of normal activity
III. release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm
IV. Activates proteolytic enzymes(caspases).
V. Initial caspases activate a cascade of other
caspases, resulting in protein degradation
throughout the cell.
 Step 2&3
2- Fragmentation of DNA
I. Endonucleases are activated
II. They cleave DNA between nucleosomes into
small fragments.

3- Shrinkage of cell and volume:

Small dark-stained (pyknotic) nuclei

can sometimes be identified with
the light microscope
4-Cell membrane changes

I. The integrity of the plasmalemma is

maintained,
II. cell undergoes dramatic shape changes,
such as "blebbing“
III. Phospholipids normally found only in the inner
layer move to the outer layer, serving as
signals to induce phagocytosis.
(A) in epithelium of a villus from the lining of the small intestine (a), in
a corpus luteum beginning to undergo involution (b), and epithelium of a
uterine endometrial gland at the onset of menstruation (c). X400. H&E.
Necrosis

• Caused by microorganisms, viruses,

chemicals, and other harmful agents.
• Necrotic cells swell; their organelles
increase in volume; and finally they burst,
releasing their contents into the
extracellular space.
• Macrophages engulf the debris of necrotic
cells by phagocytosis and then secrete
molecules that activate other
immunodefensive cells to promote
inflammation.
Reference

Junqueira's Basic Histology 12th ed.