V The aim of the experimental research is to

investigate the possible cause-and-effect

relationship by manipulating one independent
variable to influence the other variable(s) in the
experimental group, and by controlling the
other relevant variables, and measuring the
effects of the manipulation by some statistical
means. By manipulating the independent
variable, the researcher can see if the treatment
makes a difference on the subjects.
VThe M
M, therefore, of
experimental designs is to eliminate
alternative hypotheses.

   - A blueprint of the
procedure that enables the researcher to
test his hypothesis by reaching valid
conclusions about relationships between
independent and dependent variables. It
refers to the conceptual framework within
which the experiment is conducted.
V ©ingle-variable design
‡ Pre-experimental design
One-shot case study
One-group pretest-posttest design
©tatic group comparison
‡ True experimental design
The posttest-only control group design
The pretest-posttest control group design
©olomon four-group design
‡ Quasi-experimental design
Non-equivalent control groups design
Time-series design
Counterbalanced design
V Factorial design
V ©ingle-subject design
V Identify and define the problem.
V Formulate hypotheses and deduce their consequences.
V Construct an experimental design that represents all
the elements, conditions, and relations of the
consequences.
‡ 1. ©elect sample of subjects.
‡ 2. Group or pair subjects.
‡ 3. Identify and control non experimental factors.
‡ 4. ©elect or construct, and validate instruments to measure outcomes.
‡ 5. Conduct pilot study.
‡ 6. Determine place, time, and duration of the experiment.
V Conduct the experiment.
V Compile raw data and reduce to usable form.
V Apply an appropriate test of significance.
VÀxperimental investigations can be
conducted on groups or individuals. Most
often used animals and human behaviours
± characteristics of a person or things than
can occur in different amounts or kinds.

VIn true experimental design, subjects

within the groups are randomly assigned
to program and comparison groups.
VInstrument such as questionnaires,
observations, laboratory treatments, field
experiment results etc. are used.

VA pilotstudy or two is made on some

before doing the real experiment.

VInternaland external validation are

usually conducted.
V A randomization tool is used to assign
subjects and treatments of group which is
based on chance.

V Àxperimental design is frequently analyzed

with a two-sample t-test assuming equal
variances of the groups or one-way ANOVA
used to test for a difference in means between
two groups.
V The aim of an analysis is to draw a conclusion, together
with other observations. The researcher might generalize
the results to a wider phenomenon, if there is no
indication of confounding variables "polluting" the
results.
V The final stage is the researcher¶s recommendations
based upon the results, depending upon the field of
study. This area of the research process can be based
around the researcher¶s personal opinion, and will
integrate previous studies.