Air Conditioning

Air Conditioning
Air conditioning may be precisely defined
as the science dealing with the simultaneous
control of temperature, humidity, cleanliness
and the distribution of air in enclosed space.
The optimum atmospheric conditions for the
best results of textile processing greatly vary
in air conditioning requirements from one
shed to another depending on the nature of
process..
High humidity levels in weaving are well-known,
whereas for spinning rooms the requisite humidity
is comparatively low
 Air Conditioning
The constancy of enclosed space
atmosphere greatly helps the physical
properties of materials such as strength,
flexibility, elasticity, dimensional stability,
cohesiveness. The basic idea of
recommending a range of relative humidity
and temperature is mainly to achieve the
best possible results in regard to properties
and process of fibers and blends.
 Air Conditioning
The controlled temperature and humidity in
the shed minimizes the creeping loss of
adjustment of hygroscopic parts e.g. shuttle
boxes, leather strap, belts etc.
The speed and precision of metallic part,
too, is effected by temperature variation.
 Load Estimation
The proper estimation of load and hence the
selection of the plant to deal with the load is
a specialized job of the air conditioning
engineer and the method of calculations
used is the same as for any other industry.
Depending upon the season requirement we
need to add or subtract heat from the interior
of the factory.
 Factors for Load Estimation
The type of construction does effect the
design calculations.
Generally solidly brick buildings store the
humidity and heat in the walls to balance out
any fluctuations compared with the outside
atmosphere.
The heat generated by running of machinery,
lighting, processes and also the workmen
should also be taken into consideration.
 Factors for Load Estimation
Well and badly fitted doors and the area
occupied by windows is also kept in view.
With the modern mills the windows are not
present in the manufacturing area and so this
loss is not accounted for. All these factors
must be considered while estimating.
 Air Cleaning
A proper filtering medium forms an important
part of the air conditioning systems. Open
atmospheric air contains a surprising amount of
dust and grit. In the industrial areas the amount
of dust is increased with appreciable amounts of
smoke, fog and other materials. In case of textile
industry the trouble is further aggravated by lint
and fly. The action of air washer alone cannot be
relied upon for air purity and it must be assisted
by some suitable air filters.
 Types Of Conditioner Filters
The different types of filters include

1. Standard ( 10 % Efficiency)
2. Pleated ( 30-40 % Efficiency)
3. Electrostatic. ( 90 % Efficiency)
4. HEPA ( 99.97 % Efficiency)
Principle Of Air Conditioning
Principle Of Air Conditioning
Air conditioning is the process whereby the
condition of air, as defined by its
temperature and moisture content, is
changed. Note that in practice other factors
must also be taken into account especially
cleanliness; odour; velocity & distribution
pattern.
Principle Of Air Conditioning
Human Comfort:
Inevitably 'comfort' is a very subjective
matter. The Engineer aims to ensure 'comfort'
for most people found. Most people (90%)
are comfortable when the air temperature is
between 18-22°C and the %sat is between
40-65%. This zone can be shown on the
psychrometric chart., and is known as the
comfort zone.
Principle Of Air Conditioning
Principle Of Air Conditioning
Outside air is quite likely to be at a different
condition from the required comfort zone
condition. In order to bring its condition to within
the comfort zone we may need to do one or more
of the following :-
1. heat it
2. cool it
3. dehumidify it
4. humidify it
5. mix it.
Principle Of Air Conditioning
In order to use the psychrometric chart for
air-conditioning work we need to find & use
dry air mass flows. However, in practice air-
flows are frequently measured in terms of
volume flow. In order to find dry air mass
flow we need to use the specific volume of
the air.
Principle Of Air Conditioning
Heating
Click icon to add picture

The heating process can be illustrated on

the psychrometric chart .
 Heating

Energy Equation for heating

Cooling/Dehumidification
Cooling/Dehumidification
In the case of cooling, the mixture will
firstly be sensibly cooled to the point of
saturation (called the dew point) then liquid
water will precipitate if we cool further
Because moisture is removed
dehumidification is achieved.
Click icon to add picture

The cooling/ dehumidification process can

be illustrated on the psychrometric chart.
Cooling/Dehumidification
Energy Eq.

We can also write a mass flow balance

equation for the water/steam. If the initial
moisture content is w1 and final m.c. is w3
then:
Humidification
 Humidification
The process of humidification allows the air
to mix with extra water. A sufficient contact
time between the air and water will
normally result in the air reaching 100%
saturation.
Click icon to add picture

The humidification process can be

illustrated on the psychrometric chart .
Mixing
 Mixing
Often, instead of exhausting 'stale' air
completely some of it is filtered, de-
odourised and mixed with fresh incoming
air. This conserves energy and narrows the
operating conditions for the air-conditioning
system.
Mixing
Mixing
Click icon to add picture

The mixing process can be illustrated on

the psychrometric chart .
Mechanics Involved In Air
Conditioning
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning
Comfort involves more than cool air. Air
conditioning also involves more than lowering the
air temperature. It includes dehumidifying,
cleaning (filtering), and circulating the air. Good
air conditioning systems perform all of these
functions, although most people focus on the
“cool” concept.(In the broadest sense of the term,
air conditioning also means heating,
humidification, and ventilation, although we'll
exclude these issues from our discussion.)
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning

If the outdoor temperature is 70°F at night and all

the windows in the house are open, the indoor and
outdoor temperatures will both be about 70°F. As
the sun comes up, the outdoor temperature may
rise to 85°F or 90°F. Because of shading, thermal
mass, and so on, the house will not heat up as
quickly as the outdoors, but it will eventually get
just as hot as it is outside. The goal is to keep it
more comfortable inside the house than it is
outside.
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning
The most common type of air conditioning that we
see is technically referred to as direct expansion,
mechanical, vapor-compression refrigeration
system. The goal with air conditioning is to capture
heat in the house and throw it outside But how can
we take heat from a space that is already cooler
than outdoors and dump it into the outdoor air?
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning
One of the ways we can think about it is to look at a
refrigerator. If we can keep the temperature inside
your refrigerator at about 40°F and it is 70°F in the
kitchen, somehow we are taking heat out of that cool
air and dumping it into a kitchen that is warmer.
Central air conditioning and refrigerators operate on
exactly the same principle. We have two coils similar
to the radiator in a car: one inside the house and one
outside. We put something cold through the coil inside
the house and then blow warm house air across the
coil, so the coil can grab heat from the house air.
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning
On the inside of a coil we use a substance such as
Freon 12 or Freon 22 (which are brand names for a
refrigerant that is noncorrosive, nonflammable, and
nontoxic). This refrigerant is a colorless gas at
atmospheric temperature and pressure. Inside the
coils we manipulate the Freon to make it a liquid
or a gas. The Freon runs in a loop, passing through
the indoor coil, through a copper pipe to the
outdoors, through the outdoor coil, and back inside
through another pipe to the indoor coil.
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning
Let’s follow the Freon from the point that it comes
into the evaporator (indoor) coil. As it enters the
coil, it is a cold liquid, perhaps 20° to 40°F. The
cold liquid in the coil feels the warm house air on
the other side of the coil. If the house air is about
75°F and the Freon is at 30°F, heat is going to
move through the coil (which is just a heat
exchanger) and warm the liquid. As it warms up,
the liquid boils off into a gas. As the Freon inside
the coil changes from a liquid to a gas, it sucks
heat out of the house air.
 Logically enough, this is called the evaporator coil because
the Freon inside is evaporating from a liquid to a gas.
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning
The Freon leaves the evaporator coil as a gas that
is warmer than the liquid coming in but still cooler
than the air around it. The temperature of the gas
might be 50°F. Now we want to dump the heat
from the Freon gas outdoors. We have a problem.
If you take 50°F Freon and pass it through an
outdoor coil where the air temperature is 85°F
or90°F, we are just going to heat up that Freon gas
and actually collect more heat. That won’t work!
What we want to do is get rid of the heat.
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning

The solution involves a compressor, which we can

think of as a pump. This compressor squeezes the gas,
which heats it up. There is a gas law that says that if
you increase the pressure on a gas, you also increase
its temperature. This is great! We take a gas at 50°F,
squeeze it really hard to build up pressure and raise
the temperature. The low-pressure gas at 50°F that
entered the compressor leaves the compressor at a
much higher pressure and temperature.
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning

If the temperature coming out is 170°F (to

230°F), we can pass this hot gas through the
outdoor coil and blow some outdoor air
across it. The Freon is now able to dump its
heat into the 85°F or 90°F outdoor air. So,
the heat we removed from the house can be
thrown away outdoors!
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning
As the hot, high-pressure gas moves through the
outdoor coil and gives off its heat, it cools to the point
where it condenses back to a liquid. Logically
enough, the outdoor coil is called the condenser coil
because the Freon inside condenses from a gas to a
liquid. After the Freon goes through the condenser
coil, we end up with a high-pressure liquid that is still
relatively warm. It might be between 95°F and 110°F,
for example. The compressor is pushing this hot, high
pressure liquid through a pipe back into the house.
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning
This liquid is too warm to pick up heat from the
house. At 95°F to 110°F, thesis not going to allow
us to steal any more heat from the house. Now we
have another problem. However, we can use
another little trick to cool off that liquid. If we pass
it through a restriction (a capillary tube for
example),we can allow only a little bit of the high-
pressure liquid to move through the pipe at a time.
This means that on the discharge of the tube, the
liquid will be at a much lower pressure.
Mechanics Involved In Air Conditioning

As we lower the pressure, we also lower the

temperature. The liquid that came into the tube
at 95°F to 110°F comes out colder (20° to 40°F).
Now we are ready to go through the evaporator
coil again, collecting heat from the 75°F house
air and boiling the Freon off to a gas.
All this can be explained with the help of figure
on next slide.
Types of an Air Conditioning Systems
Types of an Air Conditioning Systems

There are various types of air conditioning

systems. The application of a particular type
of system depends upon a number of factors
like how large the area is to be cooled, the
total heat generated inside the enclosed area,
etc. An HVAC designer would consider all
the related parameters and suggest the
system most suitable for your space.
Types of an Air Conditioning Systems
Window Air Conditioner
Window air conditioner is the most
commonly used air conditioner for single
rooms. In this air conditioner all the
components, namely the compressor,
condenser, expansion valve or coil,
evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a
single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in
the wall of the room, or often a window sill.
Types of an Air Conditioning Systems
Split Air Conditioner
The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the
outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit,
fitted outside the room, houses components like the
compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The
indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil
and the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to
make any slot in the wall of the room. Further, the
present day split units have aesthetic looks and add to
the beauty of the room. The split air conditioner can be
used to cool one or two rooms.
Types of an Air Conditioning Systems
Packaged Air Conditioner
An HVAC designer will suggest this type of
air conditioner if you want to cool more
than two rooms or a larger space at your
home or office. There are two possible
arrangements with the package unit.
Types of an Air Conditioning Systems
In the first one, all the components, namely the
compressor, condenser (which can be air cooled or
water cooled), expansion valve and evaporator are
housed in a single box. The cooled air is thrown by
the high capacity blower, and it flows through the
ducts laid through various rooms. In the second
arrangement, the compressor and condenser are
housed in one casing. The compressed gas passes
through individual units, comprised of the expansion
valve and cooling coil, located in various rooms.
Types of an Air Conditioning Systems
Central Air Conditioning
 System
The central air conditioning system is used for cooling big
buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels, gyms, movie
theaters, factories etc. If the whole building is to be air
conditioned, HVAC engineers find that putting individual
units in each of the rooms is very expensive initially as well
in the long run. The central air conditioning system is
comprised of a huge compressor that has the capacity to
produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Cooling big
halls, malls, huge spaces, galleries etc is usually only
feasible with central conditioning units.
 ASSIGNMENT
HVAC
( Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning)