Personality

liudexiang
Overview
 Personality
 Psychodynamic theories
 Humanistic personality theories
 Personality assessment
Personality
 An individual’s unique pattern of
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that
persists over time and across
situations.
Psychodynamic theories
 Personality theories contending that
behavior results from psychological
forces that interact within the
individual, often outside conscious
awareness.
Unconscious theory
 Conscious
 Freud’s first level of awareness, consisting of the thou
ghts, feelings, and actions of which people are aware.
 Preconscious
 Freud’s second level of awareness, consisting of the m
ental activities of which people gain awareness by att
ending to them.
 Unconscious
 Freud’s third level of awareness, consisting of the me
ntal activities beyond people’s normal awareness.
Personality structure
 Id: In Freud’s theory of personality,
the collection of unconscious urges
and desires that continually seek
expression.
 Pleasure principle : According to
Freud, the way in which the id seeks
immediate gratification of an instinct.
Personality structure
 Ego : Freud’s term for the part of the
personality that mediates between
environmental demands, conscious,
and instinctual need; now often used
as a synonym for self.
 Reality principle : According to Freud,
the way in which the ego seeks to
satisfy instinctual demands safely and
effectively in the real world.
Personality structure
 Super ego : According to Freud, the
social and parental standards the
individual has internalized; the
conscious and the ego ideal.
 Ego ideal: The part of the superego
that consists of standards of what one
would like to be.
Personality structure
How personality develops
 Libido : According to Freud, the
energy generated by sexual instinct.
 Fixation : According to Freud, a
partial or complete halt at some point
in the individual’s psychosexual
development.
How personality develops
 Oral stage : First stage in Freud’s
theory of personality development, in
which the infant’s erotic feelings
center on the mouth, lips, and tongue.
 Anal stage : Second stage in Freud’s
theory of personality development, in
which a child’s erotic feelings center
on the anus and on elimination.
How personality develops
 Phallic stage : Third stage in Freud’s theory
of personality development, in which erotic
feelings center on the genitals.
 Oedipus complex and Electra complex:
According to Freud, a child’s sexual
attachment to the parent of the opposite
sex and jealousy toward the parent of the
same sex; generally occurs in the phallic
stage.
How personality develops
 Latency period : In Freud’s theory of
personality, a period in which the
child appears to have no interest in
the other sex.
 Genital stage : In Freud’s theory of
personality development, the final
stage of normal adult sexual
development, which is usually
marked by mature sexuality.
Carl Jung
 Personal unconscious : In Jung’s
theory of personality, one of the two
levels of the unconscious; it contains
the individual’s repressed thoughts,
forgotten experiences, and
undeveloped ideas.
 Collective unconscious : The level of
the unconscious that is inherited and
common to all members of a species.
Carl Jung
 Archetype : In Jung’s theory of
personality, thought forms common
to all human beings, stored in the
collective unconscious.
 Persona : According to Jung, our
public self, the mask we wear to
represent ourselves to others.
Carl Jung
 Extrovert : According to Jung, a
person who usually focuses on social
life and the external world instead of
on his or her internal experience.
 Introvert : A person who usually
focuses on his or her own thoughts
and feelings.
Alfred Adler
 Compensation : According to Adler, th
e person’s effort to overcome imagined
or real personal weaknesses.
 Inferiority : In Adler’s theory, the fixati
on on feelings of personal inferiority th
at results in emotional and social paral
ysis.
Humanistic personality theories
 Any personality theory that asserts th
e fundamental goodness of people an
d their striving toward higher levels of
functioning.
Humanistic personality theories
 Actualizing tendency: According to Ro
gers, the drive of every organism to f
ulfill its biological potential and beco
me what it is inherently capable of be
coming.
Humanistic personality theories
 Self-actualizing tendency: According t
o Rogers, the drive of human beings t
o fulfill their self-concepts, or the ima
ges they have of themsevles.
Humanistic personality theories
 Unconditional positive regard: In Rog
er’s theory, the full acceptance and lo
ve of another person regardless of his
or her behavior.
 Conditional positive regard: In Roger’
s theory, acceptance and love that ar
e dependent on another’s behaving in
certain ways and on fulfilling certain c
onditions.
Personality assessment
 The personal interview
 Direct observation
 Objective tests
 Projective tests
Objective tests
 Personality tests that are administered
and scored in a standard way.
 Sixteen personality factor questionaire
(16PF) : Objective personality test cre
ated by Cattell that provides scores on
the 16 traits he identified.
Objective tests
 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inv
entory (MMPI) : The most widely use
d objective personality test, originally
intended for psychiatric diagnosis.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality I
nventory (MMPI)
 The test itself consists of a series of 5
67 items to which a person responds
“true,” “false,” or “cannot say.” The
questions cover a variety of issues, ra
nging from mood to opinions to physi
cal and psychological health.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality I
nventory (MMPI)
1. I feel useless at times.
2. People should try to understand their
dreams.
3. I am bothered by an upset stomach s
everal times a week.
4. I have strange and peculiar thoughts.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality I
nventory (MMPI)
5. I get along well with others.
6. Sometimes I hear voices telling me t
o do bad things.
7. At times I am full of energy.
8. I am afraid of losing my mind.
9. Everyone hates me .
Projective tests
 Personality tests : Personality tests, s
uch as the Rorschach inkblot test, con
sisting of ambiguous or unstructured
material.
Rorschach Test
 A projective test composed of ambigu
ous inkblots; the way people interpret
the blots is thought to reveal aspects
of their personlity.
Rorschach Test
Rorschach Test
Rorschach Test
Thematic Apperception Test
 A projective test composed of ambigu
ous pictures about which a person is
asked to write a complete story.
Thematic Apperception Test
Thematic Apperception Test
The end